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Development in Practice, Volume 15, Number 5, August 2005
Labour migration: a developmental
path or a low-level trap?
David Ellerman
This article focuses on the debate about the developmental impact of migration on the sending
countries. Throughout the post-Second World War period, temporary labour migration has
been promoted as a path to development. Remittances have grown to rival or surpass official
development assistance and have increased living standards in the sending countries.
However, the evidence over time is that the remittances do not lead to development or even
to higher incomes that are sustainable without further migration. Some determinedly temporary
labour migration schemes offer promise. But where the pattern of migration and remittances
locks into a semi-permanent arrangement (the standard line is ‘There’s nothing more
permanent than “temporary” migration’), then this may be a developmental trap for the
South whereby, in a semi-permanent ‘3 Ds Deal’, the South forgoes self-development in
favour of being a long-range bedroom community to supply the labour for dirty, dangerous,
and difficult jobs in the North.
In recent years, migration issues have risen to the top of the policy agenda in industrialised
as well as in developing countries. Globalisation has renewed and given new force to an old
debate in the development community about the impact of migration on the sending countries
or regions. The relationship between international migration and development in the sending
country has been variously called ‘unsettled’ (Papademetriou and Martin 1991) or ‘unresolved’
(Appleyard 1992). For most of the post-Second World War period, ‘temporary’ migration was
seen as a path to development for the sending country. Migrants could return with the skills
and capital necessary to spur development. However, there have long been dissenting
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