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2016-03-09 发布于山东
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Lunar strongradiationstrong environment and space weathering from the.pdf

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JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 117, E00H13, doi:10.1029/2011JE003978, 2012 Lunar radiation environment and space weathering from the Cosmic Ray Telescope for the Effects of Radiation (CRaTER) N. A. Schwadron, 1,2 T. Baker,1,2 B. Blake,3 A. W. Case,4 J. F. Cooper,5 M. Golightly,1,2 A. Jordan,1,2 C. Joyce,1 J. Kasper,4 K. Kozarev,4,6 J. Mislinski,1,2 J. Mazur,7 A. Posner,8 O. Rother,9,10 S. Smith,1,2 H. E. Spence,1,2 L. W. Townsend,11 J. Wilson,1,2 and C. Zeitlin12 Received 29 September 2011; revised 27 December 2011; accepted 8 January 2012; published 13 March 2012. [1] The Cosmic Ray Telescope for the Effects of Radiation (CRaTER) measures linear energy transfer by Galactic Cosmic Rays (GCRs) and Solar Energetic Particles (SEPs) on the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) Mission in a circular, polar lunar orbit. GCR fluxes remain at the highest levels ever observed during the space age. One of the largest SEP events observed by CRaTER during the LRO mission occurred on June 7, 2011. We compare model predictions by the Earth-Moon-Mars Radiation Environment Module (EMMREM) for both dose rates from GCRs and SEPs during this event with results from CRaTER. We find agreement between these models and the CRaTER dose rates, which together demonstrate the accuracy of EMMREM, and its suitability for a real-time space weather system. We utilize CRaTER to test forecasts made by the Relativistic Electron Alert System for Exploration (REleASE), which successfully predicts the June 7th event. At the maximum CRaTER-observed GCR dose rate (11.7 cGy/yr where Gy is a unit indicating energy deposition per unit mass, 1 Gy = 1 J/kg), GCRs deposit 88 eV/ molecule in water over 4 billion years, causing significant change in molecular composition and physical structure (e.g., density, color, crystallinity) of water ice, loss of molecular hydrogen, and production of more complex molecules linking carbon and other elements in the irradiated ice. This shows