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MALE AGGRESSION AGAINST WOMEN
A n E v o l u t i o n a r y P e r s p e c t i v e
Barbara Smuts
University of Michigan
Male aggression against females in primates, including humans, often
functions to control female sexuality to the males reproductive advan-
tage. A comparative, evolutionary perspective is used to generate several
hypotheses to help to explain cross-cultural variation in the frequency of
male aggression against women. Variables considered include protection
of women by kin, male--male alliances and male strategies for guarding
mates and obtaining adulterous matings, and male resource control. The
relationships between male aggression against women and gender ideol-
ogies, male domination of women, and female sexuality are also consid-
ered.
KE~ WORDS: Aggression; Reproductive strategies; Nonhuman primates;
Cross-cultural analyses; Social relationships; Pair bonds.
The worldwide prevalence of male violence toward w o m e n has recently
become disturbingly evident. Russells (1984) careful survey of 930 San
Franciscan w o m e n indicates that one-quarter of American w o m e n will
experience a completed rape at some time in their lives, and nearly one-
half will be victims of attempted or completed rape. Since the age of 14,
27.5% of college w o m e n have experienced an attempted or completed
rape (Koss et al. 1987). Each year, approximately 1.8 million American
Received July 8, 1991;accepted August 7, 1991.
Address all correspondenceto Barbara Smuts, Departm
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