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26th INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF THE AERONAUTICAL SCIENCES MULTI-OBJECTIVE AIRCRAFT OPTIMIZATION FOR MINIMUM COST AND EMISSIONS OVER SPECIFIC ROUTE NETWORKS Geoffrey C. Bower, Ilan M. Kroo Stanford University, Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics Keywords: Multi-Objective Optimization, Aircraft Design, Environmental Impact Abstract design community as well as with policy mak- ers around the world [1, 2, 3]. As of 1992, avia- Historically, maximizing profits for corporate tion accounted for roughly 2% of the total global shareholders has been the primary goal for air- anthropogenic carbon emissions and 3.5% of the craft designers. Due to climate change concerns, total anthropogenic radiative forcing. As air traf- environmental performance is quickly becoming fic is expected to grow at approximately 5% per a major design focus. A methodology to design year for the foreseeable future, these fractions are one or more aircraft to satisfy demand on a given projected to increase to about 3% and 5%, respec- route network is described. The objectives are to tively, of the global totals by 2050 [4]. Quantify- minimize direct operating costs, CO2 emissions ing the environmental impact of an aircraft de- and NOX emissions. A hierarchical decomposi- sign is difficult due to difficulties in modeling the tion is used with discipline-specific optimization temporal and spatial distribution of emissions, algorithms. A modified version of the NSGA-II the complex chemical interactions, and uncer- multi-objective genetic algorithm is implemented tainties in global atmospheric simulations [5, 6]. in the system level ai