2003Word模板.doc

On The Soft Scientific Method in the Management Science —The methodology of the system management Wang Jian Agricultural University of Hebei，College of Economy and Trade Abstract Nowadays the Management Sciences Methodologies that produced in economic management practices presented as one of mainstreams development trend, which is usually divided into hard and soft parts. Firstly, this paper has carried on the helpful discussion to the formulation and development of this concept, and has introduced the production and development of soft science in China. Secondly, according to the complexity and the systematic concept, it takes complexity and complex system as one of the mains research object of soft science, at the same time, it has probed into the theory of entropy application in studying the complex system management. Especially through the relation between the corresponding distributed variance and the criterion of the relevant maximum information entropy, the corresponding relation between entropy and risk that can be set up in administrative system. In order to solve a kind of complex systematic problem, it studied and opened up a way to the managing risk analysis. Keyword: Soft Science; Methodology of Management Science; Maximize the Entropy of the Information; Dissipative Structure. 论管理科学中的“软科学方法” —系统管理的方法论 王 健 河北农业大学经济贸易学院 071001 摘 要 经济管理实践中产生的管理科学方法论（Management Sciences Methodologies） 一、引 言 近年来，管理实践中产生的管理科学方法论（Management Sciences Methodologies，MSM））））））））））））”））））, 1995;Reid, J., et al., 1999）都有一些报告,但传播和使用软科学的方法在其它国家尚未引起重视，表明他们仍在使用经典的管理科学 若从微观角度来考察热力学宏观自发过程的单向性或不可逆性，把热现象看成由几率小（混乱程度小）的状态向几率大（混乱程度大）的状态变化过程，表达这一自发过程的方向和梯度的熵，也就必然与系统内分子运动的混乱程度（几率）有关。玻尔兹曼首先发展了克劳修斯的概念，提出了统计物理熵，建立了熵与概率之间的关系，并发现了著名的玻尔兹曼常数(K=1.38焦耳/度)。我们可以看出，申农研究通讯中的数学理论时，构造的信息熵函数作为“信息选择和不确定性的度量”，与玻尔兹曼熵达到了惊人的相似。 在物理熵与信息熵的关系方面，布里渊（L. Brilloun，1951）作了大量的研究，曾指出“信息意味着负熵”，“信息起着负熵的作用”，“信息可用来增加系统的负熵(negentropy)”。并推导出与上述相同的热力学“熵”与“信息”的换算关系，1比特=尔格/K。这从物理学意义上揭示了能量和信息之间的当量关系。这种当量的、一致的概念是辩证唯物主义的哲学基础。 随着