会话含义与合作原则.doc

会话含义与合作原则 美国语言哲学家格赖斯为了保证谈话顺利进行，谈话双方必须共同遵守一些准则，特别是在1967年提出的“合作原则”。当谈话一方不遵守合作原则而又不是为了说谎为目的即故意违反准则，于是就产生会话含义。会话含义就是一种超出语句本身意义范围的意义，即说话者的“言外之意”。一般来说，人们可以通过违反合作原则中的质、量、关系原则和利用方式准则来表达或推导出会话含义，来表达与字面意思不同的没有说出来的含义，回避志杰说出想表达的意思，含蓄的表达自己的真实意图。会话含义一般可以分为两类：一般含义和特殊含义。一般含义是指在遵守合作原则中的默想准则是带有的含义。特殊含义是指在有意违反合作原则中的某项原则，在特定的语境中推导出来的含义。会话含义的特征可以归纳为：可取消性、不可分离性、可推导性、非规约性和不确定性。 概要： 一、会话含义的由来 二、 合作原则的几项原则： 质的原则 量的原则 关系原则 礼貌原则 三、会话含义的产生方法： 违反质的原则：故意提供不足的信息，提供没有必要的信息 违反量的原则：说一些不符合事实的话；说一些荒唐的话 违反关系原则 利用礼貌原则：使用有歧义的词语：使用不必要的词语；打乱叙述顺序 四、会话含义的种类： 一般会话含义和特殊会话含义 五、会话含义的特点： 可取消性、不可分离性、可推导性、非规约性和不确定性 关键词：会话含义 合作原则 违反 谈话 Conversational Implicature and Cooperative Principle American linguistics H.P.Grice once gave in 1967.In the speech, Grice said, the two sides of the conversation must obey some basic rules, especially the “cooperative principle”, to ensure that the conversation can go on propitiously. When one side of the principle doesn’t want to lie, conversational implicature comes out. Conversational implicature is a kind of meaning, which is beyond the sentence itself. Generally speaking, people can violate the maxim of quality, quantity, and relation and use the maxim of the manner to produce conversational implicature, which send the unsaid meaning of the words. Generally speaking, conversational implicature can be divided into two kinds: generalized implicature and particularized implicature. Generalized implcature refers to an implicature, which obeys the cooperative principle and also has the meaning. Particularized implicature refers to the implicature that violates some of the cooperative principle and makes the meaning in some specially context. The features of the conversational implicature: cancelability, no detachability, calculability, non-conventionality and indeterminacy: Key words: Conversational implicature cooperative principle violate conversation Conversational Implicature and Cooperative Principle American linguistics H.P.Grice once gave speeches in 1967.In the speech.