5semantics简明英语语言学戴炜栋资料.ppt

Gradable antonyms Gradable antonyms ----there are often intermediate forms between the two members of a pair, e.g. old-young, hot-cold, tall-short, … Complementary antonyms Complementary antonyms ----the denial of one member of the pair implies the assertion of the other, e.g. alive-dead, male-female, … Sense relations between sentences (1)?? X is synonymous with Y (2)?? X is inconsistent with Y (3)?? X entails Y (4)?? X presupposes Y (5)?? X is a contradiction (6)?? X is semantically anomalous X is synonymous with Y X: He was a bachelor all his life. Y: He never got married all his life. X: The boy killed the cat. Y: The cat was killed by the boy. If X is true, Y is true; if X is false, Y is false. X is inconsistent with Y X: He is single. Y: He has a wife. X: This is my first visit to Beijing. Y: I have been to Beijing twice. If X is true, Y is false; if X is false, Y is true. X entails Y X: John married a blond heiress. Y: John married a blond. X: Marry has been to Beijing. Y: Marry has been to China. Entailment is a relation of inclusion. If X entails Y, then the meaning of X is included in Y. If X is true, Y is necessarily true; if X is false, Y may be true or false. X presupposes Y X: His bike needs repairing. Y: He has a bike. Paul has given up smoking. Paul once smoked. If X is true, Y must be true; If X is false, Y is still true. X is a contradiction *My unmarried sister is married to a bachelor. *The orphan’s parents are pretty well-off. X is semantically anomalous *The man is pregnant. *The table has bad intentions. *Sincerity shakes hands with the black apple. Analysis of meaning Componential analysis Predication analysis Componential analysis Componential analysis---- a way to analyze lexical meaning. The approach is based on the belief that the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features. For example, Man: [+HUMAN, +ADULT, +ANIMATE, +MALE] Boy: [+HUMAN, -ADULT, +ANIMATE, +MALE] Woman: [+