格赖斯会话含义论及其影响.pdf

摘 要 摘 要 格赖斯是日常语言学派重要代表人物，他对日常语言的分析有自己独特的方法。格 赖斯从表达者的意向角度分析意义，将意义区分为自然意义与非自然意义。二者的区分 主要在于表达式中是否含有说话者的意图或人为的约定。这种通过意向研究意义的方 法，为进一步提出会话含义理论奠定了基础。格赖斯提出了合作原则，即在成功的语言 交际中，人们需要一个共同的交际目标或一个交际方向，谈话双方所说出的话都应围绕 这一目标进行。人们利用合作原则来推导会话含义。当说话者故意违反合作原则的某一 准则表达他的意图时，他所说出的话就会产生会话含义。会话含义是听话者结合语境、 背景知识与合作原则，对说话者意图进行分析推导得出的。会话含义具有可取消性、可 分离性、非归约性、可推导性和不确定性等特征。后人改进和发展了格赖斯的会话含义 理论。 会话含义理论对语言哲学产生了很大的影响。首先，格赖斯通过意向分析意义的方 法将说话者的意向融入到意义分析中，为意义的研究开辟了崭新的路径。其次，会话含 义的推导是一种相对规范的推导过程，这种推导会话含义的方式为语言哲学研究提供了 新的方法。 关键词 格赖斯 意义 会话含义理论 影响 I Abstract Abstract Grice, who analyzes ordinary language in a unique way, is an important representative of ordinary language philosophy. From the perspective of the utterer’s intention ，Grice divides meaning into natural meaning and non-natural meaning. Their main distinction is whether utterer’s intentions or conventions are contained in the utterance. The method, which studies meaning through utterer’s intentions, has laid foundation for Theory of Conversational Implicature. Cooperative Principle, put forward by Grice, explains that in a successful language communication people need a common communicative purpose or direction, which participants’ talk exchange tends to move towards. Conversational Implicature is what one infers by utilizing the Cooperative Principle. When the utterer deliberately violates the maxim of Cooperative Principle to demonstrate his intentions, Conversational Implicature will arise from the utterance. Conversational Implicature is what listeners infer from the utterer’s intention, together with context, background knowledge and t