曼昆经济学原理第版垄断.ppt

本教学PPT双语版由浙江工商大学经济学院 陈宇峰 编译 MONOPOLY * 结论：垄断的普遍性 现实世界中，纯垄断很少见 然而，许多企业都有市场势力，这是由于： 只出售一种独特的产品 拥有一个很大的市场份额，没有重大的竞争对手 在许多情形中，大多数结果都适用于本章，包括： 边际成本的加成定价 无谓损失 内容提要 垄断企业是其市场上的唯一卖者。垄断的产生是由于进入壁垒，包括：政府造成的垄断，对关键资源的控制，或者所有产出的规模经济 垄断企业面临着向右下方倾斜的产品需求曲线。因此，它必须降价才能售出更多的数量，而这会使边际收益低于其物品的价格 * 内容提要 垄断企业通过生产边际收益等于边际成本的产量来实现利润最大化。因边际收益低于价格，垄断价格必须大于边际成本，这会引起无谓损失 垄断企业（以及其他具有市场势力的企业）试图对有更高支付意愿的消费者收取更高的价格来增加利润，这种行为称为价格歧视 * 内容提要 政策制定者可以通过以下方法管制垄断：用反托拉斯法来赠强竞争，或者把垄断企业变为政府经营的企业。由于这些方法都存在问题，最好的选择可能是不作为 * * The most important concept in this chapter is the relation between MR and P for a monopolist. Everything else in the chapter – markup pricing, economic profit, deadweight loss, public policy response, etc. – these all flow from the relationship between P and MR. This relationship is also important because P MR for firms with market power in other market structures, such as monopolistically competitive firms. Since P MR for these firms, many of the same issues arise. For most students, the relationship between P and MR is the most challenging topic in the chapter. This PowerPoint includes an Active Learning exercise requiring students to calculate marginal revenue at various quantities from a demand schedule, so students will see for themselves that MR P. The PowerPoint also includes careful explanation on the relation between MR and P. I hope your students find it helpful. Another tricky concept for some students is identifying the monopolist’s price on a graph. Students generally can find the profit-maximizing quantity, where the MR and MC curves intersect. But they sometimes forget to go up to the D curve to find the highest price the market will bear at that quantity. * * Most students already know that monopoly means the firm is the only seller of its product. But the definition here has another very important part: In order for the firm to be considered a monopoly, the product it sells must have no close substitutes available from other firms. * * The horizontal a