二语习得语言教师心理学behaviourism等要点.doc

Psychology study of the mind and behavior; from the functions of the brain; thoughts, feelings and actions. Educational psychology: study of learners, leaning and teaching; to us :the accumulated knowledge, wisdom, a theory that every teacher should possess to intelligently solve the daily problems of teaching. Cognitive psychology：Concerned with the way in which the human mind thinks and learns (mental process involved in learning) The positivist school (positivism)-Behaviorism (imitation repetition environment): Skinner: S-R-R Behaviorism: only focuses on objectively observable behaviors and discounts mental activities. Behavior theorists define learning as nothing more than acquisition of new behavior Information processing: is concerned with the way in which people take information, process it and act upon it, attention, perception and memory are focused on. Constructivism: the main underlying assumption of constructivism is that individuals are actively involved right from birth in constructing personal meaning, that is their own personal understanding, from their experiences. In other words, everyone makes own sense of the world and the experiences that surround them Cognitive psychology: information processing (attention perception memory): input-sensory register-immediate memory-working memory-long-term memory constructivism (constructing interaction adjusting) :Piaget Humanism: Humanistic “theories” of learning tend to be highly value-driven and hence more like prescriptions(about what ought to happen) rather than descriptions（of what does happen）They emphasize the “natural desire’’ of everyone to learn. Whether this natural desire is to learn whatever it is you are teaching, however, is not clear. Humanism (Affect/values self-concept/self-esteem needs) Maslow:hierarchy of needs层次需求理论Basic physiological needs, need for safety and security; interpersonal closeness; self-esteem (deficiency needs), cognitive needs, aesthetic needs, self-actualisation