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Chapter 12 Theories and Schools of Modern Linguistics Introduction Modern linguistics began from the Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure, who is often described as the “father of modern linguistics”. During the years between 1907 to 1911, Saussure lectured on general linguistics in the University of Geneva. After he died in 1913, two of his students collected lecture notes from students and put them together to produce the great work, Course in General Linguistics, in 1916. This book became the most important source of Saussure’s ideas and of his influence upon succeeding generations of linguists. His work marked the beginning of modern linguistics. The concept of arbitrariness The complexities of language: Human language is an extremely complex and heterogeneous phenomenon. Language---- a system of signs, the union of a form and an idea, the signifier and the signified, the relational nature of linguistic units The distinction of LANGUE and PAROLE The distinction of SYNCHRONIC and DIACHRONIC linguistics 1. The Prague School 1. Introduction 1) The first meeting under the leadership of V. Mathesius in 1926 Practised a special style of synchronic linguistics It sees language in terms of function. 2) Three points: A. The synchronic study of language is fully justified. B. There was an emphasis on the systemic character of language. C. Language was looked on as functional in another sense, as a tool performing a number of essential functions or tasks for the community using it. 2. Phonology and phonological oppositions 1) The Prague School is best known and remembered for its contribution to phonology and the distinction between phonetics and phonology. Trubetzkoy: Principles of Phonology 1939 Phonetics ---parole Phonology---langue The concept of phoneme: an abstract unit of the sound system as distinct from the sounds actually produced / the sum of the differential functions, to distinguish meaning Distinctive features, three criteria: (1) their relation to t
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