词汇学 The Development of the English Vocabulary.ppt

2)The Old English Period Many were religious terms: Alms, angel, mass, nun, shrine, pope, minister Trade terms and words for articles of commerce, agriculture and domestic life: cap, sock, purple, chest, mat, radish, oyster, cook, pine, lily, master, circle, elephant 3) The Middle English Period The 14th and 15th centuries were especially prolific in Latin borrowings under the influence of Renaissance: Frustrate, gesture, history, minor, picture, polite, popular, summary, quiet, nervous, legal, necessary 4) The Modern English Period Words borrowed are mostly of abstract and scientific character: radius, focus, status, bonus, apparatus, nucleus, genius, vacuum, esteem, maximum, via, criteria, series, specimen Many of the frequently used abbreviations are from Latin: i.e. (id est) e.g. (exempli gratia) a.m. (ante meridiem) etc. (et cetera) p. m. (post meridiem) ibid (ibidem) 2. Greek Most Greek words have entered English through Latin: democracy, monarchy, politics, anarchy, logic, academy, philosophy, atom, magnet, planet, arthritis, clinic, alphabet, grammar, idiom, athlete, architect, echo… 3. French About one fourth of modern English vocabulary has come from French. 1250-1500: 9000 French words were borrowed, of which at least 75% are still in use today. Government and administration: govern, state, crown, country Feudalism: feudal, fief, prince, peer, duke Law: justice, judge, jury Religion: religion, service, angel Morality: virtue, duty, grace Military affairs: war, peace, battle Meat: beef, mutton, pork, bacon, Cuisine: sauce, fry, roast, soup Architecture: tower, pillar, porch Fashion: dress, robe, garment 1650-1800: Ballet, debut, canteen, champagne, ridicule, routine Since 1800: Resume, faire, cliché, détente, attache, garage, camouflage… The earlier loan words (from Norman French) have entered the basic word stock, whereas the later ones (from Central or Parisian dialect) have largely kept their distinct French features. 巴黎的 Early