曼昆经济学原理(微观部分)生产要素市场教材.ppt

租赁价格与购买价格 购买一单位的资本或土地会产生有价值的租赁收入流 在任一时期的租赁收入等于边际产量值(VMP) 因此，一种要素的均衡购买价格取决于该要素当前的边际产量值以及预期未来会有的边际产量值 0 生产要素之间的联系 在多数情况下，生产要素以某种方式组合在一起使用，这就使得每种要素的生产率都取决于生产过程中使用的其他要素的可获得量 利润：资本数量增加 资本的边际产量和租赁价格下降 更多的资本使工人的生产率提高，MPL 和 W 增加 0 结论 本章所提出的的理论称为新古典收入分配理论 它表明： 要素价格是由要素的供给与需求决定的 每种要素赚到了它的边际产量值 大多数经济学家用这个理论作为理解收入分配的一个起点 接下来的两章将沿着这个主题深入 0 内容提要 经济的收入是在生产要素市场上分配的。三种最重要的生产要素是劳动、土地和资本。 一个企业对一种要素的需求是其产量供给的派生需求。 竞争的，以利润最大化为目标的企业在某要素的边际产量值等于其租赁价格这一点上使用该要素。 内容提要 劳动的供给产生于个人在工作和闲暇间的权衡取舍，并有一条向右上方倾斜的劳动供给曲线。 支付给每种要素的价格的调整使该要素的供求趋于平衡。在均衡时每种要素根据其对物品和劳务生产的边际贡献得到报酬。 由于生产要素是同时使用的，一种要素数量的变动会影响所有要素的边际产量和均衡收入。 * We used this example in Chapter 13 to introduce the following concepts: production function marginal product of labor diminishing marginal product Here, we briefly review these concepts and then use them to derive Farmer Jack’s demand for labor. Some students may not offset the points between the L values, as shown here and in the table on the preceding slide. For our purposes, that’s okay. What matters is they see that VMPL is a downward-sloping curve. They will get the rest from the following slides. * A student may wonder why we are measuring the wage in dollars per week rather than dollars per hour. If a student asks this question, before giving the answer, see if another student can explain the answer. The answer is: our task here is to compare the cost and benefit of hiring an extra worker. The benefit, P x MPL, is extra revenue per week from having one more workers (recall, the production function and hence MPL are measured in units per week). So we must compare that to the cost per week of having one more worker. The logic behind the answer L = 3 is the same marginal analysis that students have seen in many other contexts in previous chapters. At any L smaller than L = 3, can increase profit by hiring another worker. For example, suppose Jack has 2 workers. At L = 2, VMPL W. In other words, the increase in revenue from hiring one more worker