商业环境Chapter 9D Behaviour andStrategies of Firms课件.pptVIP

BEHAVIOUR /　STRATEGIES ADAPTED BY FIRMS (p261-272) Anti-Competitive Behaviours (p262-265)(重要) Forms of anti-competitive behaviour （6个种类） Price fixing（价格管制） Collusion and Cartels（卡特尔） Predatory or destroyer pricing（掠夺性定价） Manipulation of supply（操纵供应） Exclusive Dealing Arrangements（专卖） Insider dealing/trading（股市内幕交易） Price Fixing Conspiracy by competitors to collude to raise prices Example: Retailing? gasoline? Effects: Reduced competition based on price Higher prices Higher profits Generally illegal Destroyer/ Predatory Pricing Deliberate price cutting or offer of ‘free gifts/products’ to force rivals (normally smaller and weaker) out of business or prevent new entrants Anti-competitive and illegal if it can be proved Safeway (3rd largest supermarket in North America) launched a petrol price war in 2002 to boost grocery market share. It angered other service stations and supermarkets Cartel - Manipulation of Supply Conspiracy by competitors to collude to reduce the supply of the product or service Examples: Market allocation conspiracies: illegal OPEC Effects: Higher prices Higher profits for the conspirators Exclusive Dealing Arrangements Seller agrees to sell to a buyer on the condition that the buyer agrees not to buy from other sellers Examples: A gasoline refinery that sells to independent gas stations on the condition they agree to buy exclusively from the refinery Microsoft pricing of Windows to computer manufacturers? Achieves the effect of vertical integration without an actual merger Effect: reduced competition Illegal if it substantially reduces competition Price Discrimination Seller charges different prices to different buyers for identical goods Example: Wal-Mart opens a store in a town and charges lower prices than it charges in other towns for the same merchandise? Effect: may reduce competition Insider Dealing Normally illegal share dealings by employees of a company where they have used confidential price-sensitive information for their own