实验心理学第十章 思维课件.pptVIP

问题解决（1） 思维的普遍形式是问题解决。当我们提出“这是什么？”“为什么”这些问题时，我们就开始了思维活动。 问题解决的研究在心理学中有较长的历史。 问题解决（2） 当一个人埋头思考时，其过程是十分隐蔽的。今天的实验心理学不仅研究问题解决的外部行为，而且还注意内部心理机制的研究。 问题的任务是用从0到9的数字分别代替这些字母并要求算式计算正确，作为提示，D=5。 问题解决（3） 两个火车站相距100km，某天下午2点，两个火车头相向开出。一个火车的速度为60km/h，另一个火车的速度为40km/h，当火车头开始行走时，一只鸟突然出现在第一个火车头前面而向第二个火车头飞去，当鸟到达第二个火车头时，它又立即以原来的速度向第一个火车头飞去，鸟以80km/h的速度在两个火车头之间来回飞。问：在两火车头相遇时鸟飞了多少公里？ 第十章 思维和问题解决 思维研究的两种方法 思维和问题解决研究中的各种变量 问题解决的早期研究 问题解决的计算机模拟 思维的计算机模拟的局限性 推理 决策 一、思维研究的两种方法 Historically, there have been two primary approaches to the study of problem solving that have different emphases. Both have been very influential on the study of thinking and the study of learning. The two approaches represent a bottom-up (data-driven) analysis and top-down (conceptually driven) analysis analogous to the ways of examining perception. Thorndike’s Trial-and-Error Learning Insight in K?hler’s Chimpanzees Thorndike’s Trial-and-Error Learning (1) In some interesting early experiments, Thorndike (1898) studied problem solving in cats. He placed them in specially constructed puzzle boxes with food placed outside. The cats’ problem was how to escape from the box and obtain the food. In some cases, the appropriate solution was simply clawing down a rope, but sometimes there were as many as three different solutions the cat could use. Thorndike observed the the cats’ performance on successive trials in the puzzle box and measured the amount of time it took them to escape on each trial. On the first trial, the cat would try a variety of strategies in attempting to escape the box and would strike out in an undirected manner at nearby objects. Eventually, the cat would claw at the rope that released it from the cage. It seemed completely accidental, at lease at first. On successive occasions, though, the cats began to escape from the box more quickly and systematically each time. Nonetheless, the guiding principle that seemed to govern the cats’ solution attempts was one of trial-and-error learning. Thorndike’s Tr