本科班教法与心理学课件.pptVIP

Part Two: Theories of Psychology 1. Gestalt psychology 格式塔心理 2. Psychoanalysis 精神分析学 1. Gestalt psychology 格式塔心理 ① It was founded by a group of German psychologists such as Max Wertheirmer（韦特墨） ,Kurt Koffka（考夫卡） and Kurt Lewin（勒文） in the 1920s. ② They found that people perceived objects and scenes as organized wholes and then they notice their component parts. 人们在感知物体或景象时总是先观察其整体，然后才意识到其组成部分 For example when people catch a sight of desk, they will see a desk as a whole before noticing its legs and other parts. ③ Having a lot of experiments on problem solving they found out that solutions to problems came as wholes（以整体形式出现） rather than in bits and pieces.（而不是零零碎碎一点点出现） ④ Based on their studies they argued that an object was not the sum of the individual parts（整体并不是个组成部分的简单相加） ⑤ So an article is not the sun of simple words that make up the article. 一篇文章的意义并不等于其单词之合。 ⑥ The meaning units of consciousness are whole organized construction because it can’t be understood by analysis of judgment and sensations.有意识的单元意义应该是整个结构，因为仅靠判断和感知的分析是不能理解的 (Mind must be understood in terms of a whole， not individual parts). （思维应作为整体去理解，而不能分开理解） ⑦ it means the mind must be understood in terms of a whole, not individual parts. 2 Psychoanalysis 精神分析学 It is a theory of the mind put forward by Sigmund Freud (佛洛伊德) who was a physician（医生） specializing in neurology(精神病) from his experiences with patients, he divided the mind into conscious and unconscious mind and he was the first psychologist that made a careful study of the latter. According to his view, the conscious mind is only a very small part of the whole mind while the rest remains unconscious. The contents of the unconscious mind consist of buried memories深藏的记忆 and instinctive wishes模糊的渴望 or drives驱使 and will（意志） influence the activities of the conscious mind. 3. Behaviorism theory The most famous was B.F.Skinner. He was in fact regarded as the leader of behaviorism. He applied Wast