2k-Basic Concepts-Human Motion08.doc

课程目标： 修习本课后, 学生应可 1. 指出人体的动作平面、动作轴心、 2. 使用人体动作学的词汇描述动作 3. 了解位移、速度、加速度间的相关性，及对动作的意义 4. 分辨直线运动与角动运动间的差别及人体动作之归属 Readings: Orientation of the Body 身体的方位 A. Reference planes of the body 1. definition: to describe planes of human motion in the context of a person standing in the anatomical position A.人体的面 1.定义：基于解剖学姿势下描述人体运动的平面。 Location 位置 bisecting the body into 将身体分为 sagittal plane (median plane) 矢状面 vertically from front to back 与地面垂直由前向后 right/ left 右/左 frontal plane (coronal plane)额状面 vertically from side to side 与地面垂直从一边到另一边 anterior/ posterior 前/后 transverse plane (horizontal plane) 水平面 horizontal to the body 身体的水平面 upper/ lower 上/下 2. cardinal plane: the plane where the center of mass (COM) passes through when an individual stands in the anatomic position 基本平面: 当个人站在解剖位置时其重心穿过的面 B. Axes of rotation旋转轴 1. definition: the pivot point for an angular motion, usually located through the convex member of the joint 角运动的轴心，通常通过关节凸面。 1. 定义: Direction 指向 perpendicular to 垂直于 sagittal axis (anteroposterior axis) 矢状轴（前后轴） horizontally from front to back 水平由前向后 frontal plane 额状面 frontal axis (transverse axis) 额状轴（横轴） horizontally from side to side 水平从一边到另一边 sagittal plane 矢状面 vertical axis垂直轴 perpendicular to the ground 垂直于地面 transverse plane 水平面 2. Although the three orthogonal axes are depicted as stationary, in reality, each axis of all joints in human body migrates throughout the range of motion because the articular surfaces of the joint are not reciprocally shaped as a perfect sphere 2.尽管这三条互相垂直的轴是固定的，事实上，因为人体的关节面不是真正的球面，所以在关节运动中所有关节的轴都会发生变化。 真正球面关节轴是固定的 非球面关节在运动过程中轴是变化的 3. longitudinal axis: axis that extends within and parallel to a long bone or body segment 纵轴：从长骨或身体部位内部穿过，并与之平行的轴。 Description of Human Motion 人体运动的描述 A. Description of body segments 1. upper extremity (arm): upper arm + forearm + hand 2. lower extremity (leg): thigh + low leg + foot 3. trunk: chest and upper back + abdomen and low back 4. head and neck A.身体部位的描述 1.上肢:上臂+前