第2章 研究方法论幻灯片.pptVIP

Chapter 2 Methodology: How Social Psychologists Do Research PowerPoint Presentation Prepared By Fred W. Whitford Montana State University Chapter Outline Methodology: How Social Psychologists Do Research Methodology Social Psychology: An Empirical Science Empirical research allows us to test the validity of personal observations and folk wisdom. Methodology Social Psychology: An Empirical Science Hindsight bias is the tendency for people to exaggerate how much they could have predicted an outcome after knowing that it occurred. Methodology Social Psychology: An Empirical Science Social psychology relies on three types of methods -- observational, correlational, and experimental -- to provide empirical answers to questions about social behavior. Chapter Outline I. Formulating Hypotheses and Theories Formulating Hypotheses and Theories Inspiration from Earlier Theories and Research Science is cumulative and people often generate hypotheses based on previous theories and research. Formulating Hypotheses and Theories Hypotheses based on Personal Observations Personal experience, current events, and literature can provide a source of hypotheses to test. Chapter Outline II. The Observational Method: Describing Social Behavior The Observational Method The observational method involves systematic observation and measurement of behavior. The Observational Method Ethnography is a type of observational method used by cultural anthropologists and social psychologists to study and understand a group or culture. The Observational Method Participant observation a form of systematic observation whereby the observer interacts with the people being observed, but tries not to change the situation in any way. The Observational Method Interjudge reliability the level of agreement between two or more people who independently observe and code a set of data. The Observational M