知觉与个体决策PerceptionandIndividualDecisionMaking试题.ppt

Perception and Individual Decision Making What Is Perception, and Why Is It Important? People’s behavior is based on their perception of what reality is, not on reality itself. The world as it is perceived is the world that is behaviorally important. Perception A process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment. Why We Study Perceptions We study this topic to better understand how people make attributions about events. We don’t see reality. We interpret what we see and call it reality. The attribution process guides our behaviour, regardless of the truth of the attribution 知觉的定义： 知觉是直接作用于人的感观的客观事物在人脑中的整体反映。 感觉是直接作用于人们感觉器官的客观事物的个别属性或个别部分在人脑中的反映。 知觉是直接作用于感觉器官的客观事物的整体属性或各个部分在人脑中的反映。对感觉印象加以组织和解释的过程。 事实上，任何人看到的都不能说是事实，我们只是在解释我们看到的事物而称为事实。同一事物会有不同的看法和解释，情人眼里出西施。因为人们的行为是以他们对现实的知觉为基础，而不是以现实为基础，所以，知觉对于组织行为的研究十分重要。 Factors that Influence Perception Factors Influencing Perception 社会知觉 一、社会知觉就是人对人的知觉 社会知觉就是对人的知觉，就是对人和社会群体的知觉，是对社会对象的知觉。 二、社会知觉的分类 1、对人的知觉——对人的外部特征的知觉。容貌、穿戴、仪表、风度、举止和言谈等 2、人际知觉——对人与人之间关系的知觉。或者友好、或者一般的、或是对立的情感。 3、自我知觉——自己对自己的看法：自悟。 4、角色知觉——对人们所表现的社会角色行为的知觉。父母的儿子，儿子的父亲，他领导的部属，他部属的领导，他学生的老师，他老师的学生等。 Person Perception: Making Judgments About Others Distinctiveness: shows different behaviors in different situations. Consensus: response is the same as others to same situation. Consistency: responds in the same way over time. Attribution Theory When individuals observe behavior, they attempt to determine whether it is internally or externally caused. Attribution Theory Observation Interpretation Attribution of cause External High (Seldom) Low (Frequently) High (Frequently) Low (Seldom) High (Frequently) Low (Seldom) Internal External Internal Internal External Individual behaviour Distinctiveness (How often does the person do this in other settings?) Consensus (How often do other people do this in similar situations?) Consistency (How often did t