作业样本-好例子-宏子-关于中国传统调解制若干问题的研究85.doc

原文： 有关民间非诉讼调解的古代资料很难寻觅，因为这种民间的细事很难载入史册，即使在文人的笔记中也很少有完整记载。据本文作者能力所及，仅见到孔府档案中比较完整地记载了“族人”之间的讼事。从中看出，族人向族长告状，一如到县衙打官司，也写有诉状。纠纷发生后，“中人”往往转变为最有力的“证人”。比如顺治时期“春亭社户人薛守举启为指地打诈恳乞究断事”记载，薛守举于顺治七年在中人刘守才的见证下，用十六两银子买到孔尚诵二亩地。但邻居毕海金却“奸计争夺”，以致三年多买卖不成。薛守举状告毕海金，并申明当时原业主孔尚诵再卖地时本着“先问邻里”的原则，已经再三征求毕海金的意见，毕海金“坚执不要”。所以薛守举恳请“本府老爷究断正法”。在状词中，原业主孔尚诵、中人刘守才成为“证人”，而本府老爷的批文是“准夺拘”。此为在家长裁断下解决纠纷的事例，尽管调解的过程我们已经不得而知，但是从买主买到土地到告状已经是“三载”的情况以及原业主、中人都成为证人来看，调解经历了艰苦的过程，直到薛守举忍无可忍，事情仍然还是在家族内部解决。 宋人笔记《燕翼诒谋录》对一些士大夫为政，不注意遏制诉讼很不以为然：“士大夫治小民之狱者，纵小民妄诉，虽虚妄灼然，亦不反坐，甚而听其蓦越，几于搂揽生事矣。曾不思善良之民，畏官府如虎狼，甘受屈抑，不敢雪理。”而对皇帝下诏息讼则持有赞赏的态度：“太宗皇帝乾德二年正月己巳，诏应论诉人不得蓦越陈状，违者科罪。开基创业之初，首念及此，虑为善良害也。真宗咸平元年七月，诏所诉虚妄，好持人短长，为乡里害者，再犯，徒；三犯，杖，讫械送军头引见司。苟能举而行之，庶几妄诉者息矣。”宋人胡石壁作《乡邻之争劝以和睦》文，告诫百姓，不仅亲人之间应以和睦为务，邻里之间亦应以和为贵：“大凡乡曲邻里，务要和睦。总自和睦则有无可以相通，缓急可以相助，疾病可以相扶持，彼此皆受其利。”《明公书判清明集》中类似的判语也比比皆是。 译文： In ancient documents, there is little information about non-governmental mediation, which is too trivial to be admitted into the annals or to earn a comprehensive description in the scholars’ journals. Hard as I try, I have only found in the archives of Confucius Family a relatively comprehensive documentation of clansmen’s disputes and mediation. It can be seen from these documents that if a clan member wanted the clan head to settle a dispute for him, he had to write an indictment, as was required in a lawsuit. It is also clear that when disputes arose, middlemen became the best witnesses. Here is an example. In the reign of Shunzhi Emperor (1643-1661) of Qing Dynasty, Xue Shouju from Chunting She (an administrative unit in ancient China that consists of around 20 or 25 households) bought two mu (a unit in China for measuring area equal to 667 square meters) of land from Kong Shangsong with sixteen liang (a unit of weight in China equal to 50 grams) of silver, under the witness of middleman Liu Shoucai. However, Kong’s neighbor Bi Haijin played dirty tricks and prevented Xue from getting his land for three years. What is more, according to Xue, when Kong, the former lando