Lecture_2_RM (research methodology).pptx

The Practice of Social Research Chapter 2 – Paradigms, Theory, and Social Research Earl Babbie, The Practice of Social Research Chapter Outline Some Social Science Paradigms Elements of Social Theory Two Logical Systems Revisited Deductive Theory Construction Inductive Theory Construction The Links between Theory and Research Research Ethics and Theory Quick Quiz Paradigms – a model or frame of reference through which to observe and understand. “Patterns happen.” Logical explanations are what theories seek to provide. Theories prevent our being taken in by flukes. Theories makes sense of observed patterns. Theories shape and direct research efforts. Social Science Paradigms When we recognize that we are operating within a paradigm, two benefits accrue. We can better understand seemingly bizarre views and actions of others who are operating under different paradigms. We can profit from stepping outside of our paradigm. Social Science Paradigms Paradigms play a fundamental role in science. Paradigms are neither true nor false. Social Science Paradigms Macrotheory – a theory aimed at understanding the “big picture” of institutions, whole societies, and the interactions among societies. Examples: class struggles, international relations, and interrelations between social institutions Microtheory – a theory aimed at understanding social life at the intimate level of individuals and their interactions. Examples: dating behavior, jury deliberations, student-faculty interactions Social Science Paradigms Mesotheory – referencing an intermediate level between macro and micro. Examples: studying organizations, communities, and social categories Social Science Paradigms Early Positivism Comte: Society is a phenomenon that can be studied scientifically. “Positive Philosophy” Theological Stage Metaphysical Stage Positivist Stage Social Science Paradigms Social Darwinism Darwin (1858): evolution through natural selection Translation of Darwin’s theory into societies: over time, s