microprocessors.ppt

Microprocessors and Microcontrollers § 1 Microprocessors The microprocessor is the heart of a microcomputer system. In fact, it forms the central processing unit of any microcomputer and has been rightly referred to as the computer on a chip. This chapter gives an introduction to microprocessor fundamentals, followed by application-relevant information, such as salient features, pin configuration, internal architecture, instruction set, etc., of popular brands of eight-bit, 16-bit, 32-bit and 64-bit microprocessors from international giants like INTEL, MOTOROLA and ZILOG. 1.1 Introduction to Microprocessors Microprocessor Memory I/OAddress BusControl BusData BusFigure 1: Microprocessor-based system. A microprocessor is a programmable device that accepts binary data from an input device, processes the data according to the instructions stored in the memory and provides results as output. In other words, the microprocessor executes the program stored in the memory and transfers data to and from the outside world through I/O ports.微处理器是一种可编程器件，它接受从输入设备端的二进制数据，数据的处理依据寄存器中指令存储和提供的输出结果。换句话说，微处理器寄存器中执行程序存储和数据传输以及与外界通过I/O端口交换。 Any microprocessor-based system essentially comprises three parts, namely the microprocessor, the memory and peripheral I/O devices. The microprocessor is generally referred to as the heart of the system as it performs all the operations and also controls the rest of the system. The three parts are interconnected by the data bus, the address bus and the control bus (Fig. 1). 任何微处理器系统主要由三部分组成，即微处理器，内存和外设I/O设备。该微处理器通常被称为系统的核心，作为它执行的所有操作，并控制系统的其余部分。这三个部分通过数据总线，地址总线和控制总线相互关联。 The memory stores the binary instructions and data for the microprocessor. The memory can be classified as the primary or main memory and secondary memory. Read/write memory (R/WM) and read only memory (ROM) are examples of primary memory and are used for executing and storing programs. Magnetic disks and tapes are examples of secondary memory. They are used to store programs an