Chap.20SuccessionandStability.ppt

Chap. 20 Succession and Stability 鄭先祐(Ayo) 靜宜大學 生態學系 教授 Succession (演替、演進、演遞、消長) In 1794, Captain George Vancouver, Glacier bay, Alaska (Fig. 20.1). Mountain of ice(冰山) In 1879, John Muir, 按 Vancouver的描述，再度的探訪這個地區。 Muir 發現 fossil wood (化石林)，was a remnant of a forest that had been covered by advancing glaciers(冰河) centuries earlier. Published in 1915. William S. Cooper 於1915年讀Muir的書籍。 探訪Glacier Bay in 1916 A lifetime of study Cooper saw Glacier Bay as the ideal laboratory for the study of ecological succession, the gradual change in plant and animal communities in an area following disturbance or the creation of new substrate. Glacier Bay 可追溯到1794年，冰河開始逐漸退去的時候。 Succession (p.486) Pioneer community Primary succession Secondary succession Climax community Concepts Community changes during succession include increases in species diversity and changes in species composition. (群落演進的過程包含著物種多樣性的增加，以及物種組成的改變。 ) Ecosystem changes during succession include increases in biomass, primary production, respiration, and nutrient retention. (生態體系的演進包含著生物質量、基礎生產量、呼吸量和營養物質留滯的增加。) Concepts Mechanisms that drive ecological succession include facilitation, tolerance, and inhibition.(驅動生態體系的演進機制，包含促進、容忍、和抑制。) Community stability may be due to lack of disturbance or community resistance or resilience in the face of disturbance.群落的穩定性可能由於少有干擾，或是取決於群落的抗拒力，或是面對干擾後的恢復力。) Concept Discussion 1 群落演進的過程包含著物種多樣性的增加，以及物種組成的改變。 隨著演進過程，物種的種數隨著增加。(Fig. 20.2)(p.487) 同時，物種的樣式也隨著增加。(Fig. 20.3) (p.487) Growth forms (成長型), p.302, p.399. Secondary Succession in Temperate Forests (溫帶林) Oosting found number of woody plant species(樹種的種數) increased during secondary succession at Piedmont Plateau. Johnston and Odum found increase in bird diversity(鳥類的多樣性) across successional sequence closely paralleled increase in woody plant diversity observed by Oosting. Succession in Stream Communities (溪流群落) Fisher studied rapid succession(快速演進) in Sycamore Creek, AZ. (Fisher and his colleagues, 1982) 於1979八月三次的洪水，清除幾乎98%的藻類和無