Ch37_-_Syntheses_and_interconversions_of_organic_compounds.ppt

37.2 Interconversions of Functional Groups of Organic Compounds (SB p.131) Haloalkanes can be converted into alcohols, nitriles or amines by substitution reactions R – X + OH– ??? R – OH + X– 37.2 Interconversions of Functional Groups of Organic Compounds (SB p.131) Addition of alkenes and alkynes with various reagents can produce haloalkanes, haloalcohols, alcohols, alkanes and polymers Addition (X = Cl or Br) 37.2 Interconversions of Functional Groups of Organic Compounds (SB p.132) 37.2 Interconversions of Functional Groups of Organic Compounds (SB p.132) Carbonyl compounds undergo addition reaction with hydrogen cyanide for form hydroxyalkanenitriles Addition of hydrogen to nitriles yields amines 37.2 Interconversions of Functional Groups of Organic Compounds (SB p.132) Haloalkanes can be converted to alkenes by elimination with alcoholic KOH or NaOH Elimination Dihaloalkanes (with one halogen atom on each of two adjacent carbon atoms) can be converted to alkynes by elimination 37.2 Interconversions of Functional Groups of Organic Compounds (SB p.132) Alcohols undergo dehydration to give alkenes by treatment with conc. H2SO4 37.2 Chain Lengthening or Shortening of Carbon Skeleton (SB p.133) The carbon chain is lengthened by one when haloalkanes react with NaCN to form nitriles Hydrolysis of nitriles gives carboxylic acids, while hydrogenation of nitriles gives 1° amines Methods of Chain Lengthening 37.2 Chain Lengthening or Shortening of Carbon Skeleton (SB p.133) The carbon chain is also lengthened by one when carbonyl compounds react with HCN to form 2-hydroxyalkanenitriles Hydrolysis of the 2-hydroxyalkanenitriles yields 2-hydroxycarboxylic acids 37.2 Chain Lengthening or Shortening of Carbon Skeleton (SB p.133) In Hofmann degradation of amides, the carbon chain is reduced by one carbon atom Methods of Chain Shortening New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3B * Syntheses and Interconversions of Organic Compounds 37.1 Planning Organic S