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Lecture 1 讲座一： HOW AND WHEN TO WRITE 怎样写和何时写 Scientific writing is part of the research work. 科技写作时研究工作的一部分。 Research is not completed until it is published. 直到写作完成，研究才算完整。 Scientific writing demands exactly the same qualities of thought that are needed in the rest of science: logic clarity and precision. 科技写作需要同样准确的想法，这些想法是剩下的科学中需要的，清晰精确的逻辑。 Apply the scientific principals to the writing 应用这写主要的科学的方法来写作。 Planing, Design, Execution 计划，设计，实施 Logically structured 逻辑结构 Clearly expressed 清晰的表述 Precisely worded 准确的用词 The way you write must follow from the way you work, not vice versa. 你所写的必须与你的研究相对应，而不是反之。 In your scientific work you should have 在你的科学工作中你应该有 An observation 观察 A question followed by an hypothesis 假设并提出问题 How are you going to test the hypothesis? (Better adapt the negative approach). 你怎样验证你的假设（最好适应相反的方法） You cant PROVE it. What you want to do is find data that will support or object your working hypothesis. 你不能证明它。你要做的是找到支持或反对你的假设的数据。 Have the experimental design described in detail. 将实验设计详细的描述。 Remember: Scientific work is based on the assumption that it must be reproducible. You must thus provide the information to others what should be done in order to be able and repeat your experimental work. 记住：科学工作是基于可重复的设想。因此，你应该为其他人提供什么需要被做的信息才能重复你的实验。 Finish the writing with the discussion of your result. Include the next working hypothesis for further evaluating it. 用你结果的讨论来结束你的写作。包括为了将来评估它的接下来的工作的设想。 When to write and were to start? 什么时候写和什么时候开始写 Only after you have the full structure of the material in your head will you know the best way (for example, the best order) to transmit the components of that structure to the reader. 只有当你头脑的材料有一个完整的结构后，你才会知道将你结构的每一个部分传递给你的读者的最好方法。 Let the readers to understand the material by reconstructing the structure of the material for them, guided by the writer. You must therefore understand your readers as well as the material, and simulate your targeted reader (layman, peer, etc) in your own mind. 作者引导读者通过重组材料结构来理解材料。因此，你必须像