Human Brain.ppt

Contents Structure Function division Evolution 4 1 2 3 About human brain: Music and Brian General structure General structure: The human brain has many properties that are common to all vertebrate（脊椎动物） brains, including a basic division into three parts called the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain, and a set of generic vertebrate 通用脊椎动物 brain structures including the pons 桥脑 , cerebellum（小脑）, thalamus（丘脑）, hypothalamus（下丘脑） and many others. Cerebral cortex: The dominant feature of the human brain is corticalization 大脑皮质形成 .The cerebral cortex in humans is so large that it overshadows every other part of the brain.Corticalization is reflected in function as well as structure. The amount of association cortex, relative to the other two categoriesincreases dramatically as one goes from simpler mammal to more complex ones Lateral 横向的） surface of the cerebral cortex Medial surface of the cerebral cortex Four lobes: The cerebral cortex is nearly symmetrical, with left and right hemispheres that are approximate mirror images of each other. Anatomists 解剖学家 conventionally divide each hemisphere into four lobes, the frontal lobe（额叶 , parietal lobe 顶叶 ,occipital lobe 枕叶 , and temporal lobe 颞叶 . This division into lobes does not actually arise from the structure of the cortex itself,and it has little functional significance. But we often use it as the division into lobes is convenient for reference. Four lobes Researchers who study the functions of the cortex divide it into three functional categories of regions. One consists of the primary sensory areas, which receive signals from the sensory nerves and tracts 神经束 by way of relay nuclei in the thalamus 丘脑 . Primary sensory areas include the visual area , the auditory area and insular cortex 脑岛皮质 , and so on. A second category is the primary motor area, which sends axons 轴突 down to motor neurons 运动神经元 in the brainstem 脑干 and spinal cord 脊髓 . This area occupies the rear portion of the frontal lobe 额叶 , directly i