Lecture 1 The Theory of the Firm.ppt

Shaply Value——例3 假如船夫也进行专用投资，成本为100。给大亨带来额外的效用为240。 若船夫拥有游艇 情况1：厨师加入“?”（1/3）,此时厨师的贡献为0 情况2：厨师加入“船夫”(1/6) ，此时厨师的贡献为0； 情况3：厨师加入“大亨”（1/6），此时厨师的贡献为240 情况3：厨师加入“大亨、船夫”（1/3）,此时厨师的贡献为240. 厨师的平均贡献为： 240*1/3=80。 Shaply Value——例4：拼车 Four people, 1, 2, 3, 4 want to go home from the airport. Taxi fee to each home is indicated. A cab is big enough for all of them. How much should each pay if they car pool (why not)? ? airport 1,2 3 4 $200 $400 $260 Shaply Value——例4：拼车 The first $200 equally shared between 1 to 4 The next $60 equally shared between 3 and 4 The next $140 paid by 4 only 1 pays $50, 2 pays $50 3 pays $50+$30=$80 4 pays $50+$30+140=$220 Together they pay $50 + $50 + $80 + $220 = $ 400 Why this allocation? Efficiency, symmetry, “each pays the marginal increase” Another approach… ? The one who comes first pay for himself, the new arriver pay the marginal cost Shaply Value——例4 ：拼车 Arrival order and marginal costs 1 2 3 4 1 2 4 3 1 3 2 4 1 3 4 2 1 4 2 3 1 4 3 2 2 1 3 4 2 1 4 3 2 3 1 4 2 3 4 1 2 4 1 3 2 4 3 1 Arrival order and marginal costs 3 1 2 4 3 1 4 2 3 2 1 4 3 2 4 1 3 4 1 2 3 4 2 1 4 1 2 4 4 1 4 2 4 2 1 3 4 2 3 1 4 3 1 2 4 3 2 1 Cost Sharing in Carpooling ：拼车 Arrival order and marginal costs 1 (200) 2 (0) 3 (60) 4 (140) 1 2 4 3 1 3 2 4 1 3 4 2 1 4 2 3 1(200) 4 (200) 3 (0) 2 (0) 2 1 3 4 2 1 4 3 2 3 1 4 2 3 4 1 2 4 1 3 2 4 3 1 Arrival order and marginal costs 3 (260) 1 (0) 2 (0) 4 (140) 3 1 4 2 3 2 1 4 3 2 4 1 3 4 1 2 3 4 2 1 4 (400) 1 (0) 2 (0) 3 (0) 4 1 3 2 4 2 1 3 4 2 3 1 4 3 1 2 4 3 2 1 Shaply Value——例4 Arrival order and marginal costs 1 (200) 2 (0) 3 (60) 4 (140) 1 (200) 2 (0) 4 (200) 3 (0) 1 (200) 3 (60) 2 (0) 4 (140) 1 (200) 3 (60) 4 (140) 2 (0) 1 (200) 4 (200) 2 (0) 3 (0) 1 (200) 4 (200) 3 (0) 2 (0) 2 (200) 1 (0) 3 (60) 4 (140) 2 (200) 1 (0) 4 (200) 3 (0) 2 (200) 3 (60) 1 (0) 4 (140) 2 (200) 3 (60) 4 (140) 1 (0) 2 (200) 4 (200) 1 (0) 3 (0) 2 (200) 4 (200) 3 (0) 1 (0) Arrival order and marginal costs 3 (260) 1 (0) 2 (0) 4 (140) 3 (260) 1 (0) 4 (140) 2 (0) 3 (