3名词.ppt

Lecture 3: Nouns 名词是表示人或物的名称的词。名词可以根据其词汇意义，分为普通名词 Common Noun 和专有名词 Proper Noun 。普通名词又可分为物质名词 Material Noun 、抽象名词 Abstract Noun 、集体名词 Collective Noun 和个体名词 Individual Noun 。现从名词的数 Number 和格 Case 来考虑具体的用法。 I. 名词的数 数是个语法范畴，它是区别单复数名词的屈折变化形式。可数与不可数是英语名词最基本的类别。可数名词有单数与复数两种形式。 1. 通常来讲，个体名词是可数名词；物质名词、抽象名词、专有名词和集体名词是不可数名词。但它们有时也以复数形式出现，表示不同意义。如： 1） 物质名词 当其表示若干类、数量增多、扩大或表示某种饮料的名词时,可以复数形式出现。 例句： They were given some bread and water. 水 They were not allowed to fish in our territorial waters. 领海 I’d like some coffee and lemonade. 咖啡和柠檬水 I’d like two coffees and three lemonades. 两杯咖啡,三瓶柠檬水 2 抽象名词 当其表示具体行动、若干类或数量之多时，可以复数形式出现。 At midnight he heard three knocks at the back door. His opinions are usually based on facts. The committee will have several meetings here. He is relating to us his experiences as an explorer. We met with many difficulties.  3）专有名词 一般来说，专有名词也是不可数名词，没有复数形式，但有时也以复数形式出现。例句： （1） 表示某姓的一家人 Are the Smiths coming to our party tomorrow night? The Foxes have already left for San Francisco.  2 表示同性或同名的若干人 There are two Marys and three Roberts in his class. Did the two Mr Blacks come this morning 4）集体名词 集体名词一般只以单数形式出现，但集体名词的单数形式往往还可以作复数用。 The football team are having baths and are then coming back for tea. His family are waiting for him. The public now know the whole story. The police are investigating the crime.  2. 单位词的使用 单位词是表示事物个体性的词语。它既可和不可数名词搭配，也可和可数名词搭配。与前者搭配时，其表达的事物具有个体性。英语单位词大都借用普通名词，一般具有词汇意义。可分两类： 1） 表个数、容积及以形状表个数的单位词。如： a bowl of rice, a glass of beer, a cup of tea, etc. a cake of soup, a bar of chocolate, a loaf of bread, etc. a piece of meat/ paper/ bread /information /furniture, etc. an item of news/ business /program, etc. an article of furniture /clothing /luggage,etc. 2 表示行为、状态，成双、成组、成群。如： a fit of anger / laughter /fever, a flash of hope / light / lighting, etc. a couple of cars, a pair of shoes, a herd of elephants, etc.  3. 以—s结尾的名词 这类名词有时作单数，有时作复数。常作单数的这类词包括某些疾病名称、游戏名称 billiards, bowls, dominoes, draughts, cards