2BasicTermsandtenetsofCxG构式语法1学案.ppt

2 Basic Terms Tenets of CxG Lead-in Overview: basic unit for linguistic analysis, emergence of CxG and its criticism. Indicate: 1) solid roots in cognitively oriented linguistic analysis 2) consistent fundamental interest contents Definition A long history: Stoics (斯多葛学派 336-264 BC) : Zeno Modistae（摩迪斯泰学派13th century）: speculative grammarians Traditional grammarians have found Cxn useful to refer to properties of particular constructions. In the sense of “formulaic, fixed sequences” modern linguistics: Saussure, Bloomfield, Chomsky, etc. Saussure（1916）：构式视为“词语在句法层面上的组合性联接”。 Bloomfield（1933）：“凡是两个（或者两个以上，不过这种情况很少有）形式组合在一起作为一个复合形式的成分，联结这些形式的语法特征就构成了一个构式”。 Chomsky（ 1991): 构式是一种可从普遍原则推导出来的“附带现象”，构式和词汇一样具有异质性，因而被排除在主要研究对象之外。 In standard generative theory, rules of grammar create word combinations that express composite concepts, but these rules do not add any meaning to that contributed by the individual word. Simply speaking, phrases have meaning but the rules that create phrases do not!!! TG’ evolution has tended to move further away from construction-specific proposals toward a discussion focused almost exclusively on general principles from which the idiosyncrasies of individual constructions are supposed to be derived. (Ginzburg and Sag 2004, Goldberg 1995) Chomsky（1993）: “普遍语法（UG）”是一个抽象、自主的形式系统，为语言提供了一套固定的规则和有限的参数，将参数代入原则就能形成具体语言的表达特征，从而消解了语法构式及其特有的规则。 TG理论的登场彻底导致语言学家抛弃了中世纪将结构视为有意义的语言现象的传统观点，认为只有词汇才有意义，而句法仅提供组合词汇的规则，本身没有意义，以此满足纯形式化演算的需要。 Challenges from CL, interest in construction CxG’s Reflection Innateness Universalism Autonomy Modularity Dualism Formalism Basic Views Lakoff 1977：Gestalt Grammar Constructions are seen as linguistic gestalt. 1987: Construction Constructions are in general holistic, that the meaning of the whole construction is motivated by the meaning of the parts, but is not computable from them. Note: against Reductionism or