语法-非谓语动词练习解析.doc

语法学习网站 /grammar/Index.htm 二、非谓语动词 非谓语动词既有非动词特征，又有动词特征。 非动词特征： 不定式—具有n. adj. adv. 的特征，在句中担任除谓语外任何成分； 动名词—具有n. 特征，在句中可作主语、宾语、定语、表语； 分词—具有adj. adv. 特征，在句中可作主语、表语、宾补、状语； 动词特征：有语态和部分时态的变化；可以有自己的宾语和状语，同其宾语和状语一起构成短语；还可有逻辑主语 区别：动名词—名词；习惯性动作 不定式—将来；一次性动作 分词：现在分词—动作正在进行；表主动 过去分词—动作已经完成；表被动 （一）不定式 1 形式： to + v.原形 否定式：not to do 主动形式：一般式—to do 进行式—to be doing 完成式—to have done 完成进行式—to have been doing 被动形式：一般式—to be done 完成式—to have been done 1 一般式：不定式表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，或者 在谓语动词表示的饿动作之后发生。 I’m glad to see you.（同时发生） They invited us to come to a party.（不定式动作后发生） 2 完成式：不定式表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前 I’m glad to have seen your mother. I’m glad that I have your mother. The enemy was reported to have surrendered. It was reported that the enemy had surrendered. 3 进行式：谓语动词表示的动作发生时，不定式表示的动作正在进行。 They are said to be building another bridge over the river. It is said that they are building another bridge over the river. 4 完成进行式：在谓语动词表示的动作发生前，不定式表示的动作一直在进行。 They are said to have been collecting folk songs there. It is said that they have been collecting folk songs there. ⊙关于不定式的时态，考试中主要测试一般式、进行式和完成式的区 别，多数试题将正确答案设置在完成式上。为了更好地理解和掌握 这一语法测试点，研读和比较下列句子。 They expected their son to do well in the examination. They expected their son to be doing well during the examination. They expected their son to have done well in the examination. 2 不定式作用 ①作主语 Eg. To master a foreign language is not easy. →It’s not easy to master a foreign language. It’s the greatest happiness of life to love and to be loved. 注：不定式（短语）作主语通常转化成It + is/was + adj./n. + 不定式（短语） 其中it 是形式主语 form subject ，真正的主语是后面的不定式（短语） ②作表语 Eg. Her wish is to be a teacher. She seems to be happy. ③作宾语 Eg. He loved to listen to music. I find it difficult to speak English fluently. 下列及物动词要求不定式作宾语： afford, agree, aim, appear, arrange, ask, care, choose, decide, desire, demand, determine, help, hope, intend, learn, manage, mean, offer, plan, pretend, promise, refuse, seem, strive, tend, wish, … ④作定语 Eg. He is the best man to consult with. Th