英汉语言文化对比详细分析.ppt

第二部分 英汉语言文化对比 翻译教学和研究的经验表明： 翻译理论和技巧必须建立在不同语言和文化对比分析的基础上。 I、英汉语言对比分析 II、英汉文化差异与翻译 III、汉译英时应该注意的问题 I、英汉语言对比分析 英语和汉语分属于不同的语言体系，英语属于印欧语系，汉语属于藏汉语系。 从语言形态学分类来看，英语是从综合型向分析型发展的语言(synthetic-analytic language)，汉语是分析型为主的语言(analytic language) 。 从语句结构来看，英语是一种重形合(hypotaxis) 的语言，常借助各种语法手段来连接词、短语、分句和句子，结构紧凑严密，以形显义。汉语是一种重意合(parataxis) 的语言，语法结构松散，词汇意义的蕴涵较广，往往可以因形见意。 i、语义的差异 词汇的意义 1、词义完全对等 只限于一些通用的技术术语和少数的专有名词，如： The Pacific ocean =太平洋 helicopter=直升飞机 paper=纸 北京大学=Beijing University 上海=Shanghai 颜色词、动物词: red hunter(迫害共产主义者的人) pink tea(非常讲究礼仪的午后茶会) brown bread(黑面包) 黄道吉日(a lucky day) 黑货(smuggled goods) She is a cat.(她是个心地狠毒的女人。) You ass! You stupid ass! How could you do a thing like that.(蠢猪，你这蠢猪，竟做出这样的事情来。) “You chicken!” he cried, looking at Tom with contempt.(“胆小鬼！”，他大叫起来，目光鄙视着汤姆。) 习语： Fish in the air(水底捞月) One boy is a boy, two boys half boy, three boys no boys. As poor as a church mouse Lead a dog life Spend money like water Put a fifth wheel to the other 3、词义完全不对等 In my poor opinion, you should let her go. In private Thatcher scoffed(嘲笑) at his continental allies as “bloody wets(软弱)”. If you think I am for him, you are all wet（wrong）. In the end I had to have a caesarean(剖腹产), which just knocked me for six. (made me at a loss). He has only untutored strength, like a bull in a china. 他有力气，可是没有经过训练，像一头钻进瓷器店的牛，一动就闯祸。 Among the blind the one eyed man is king. 山中无老虎，猴子称霸王。 They were too strong to be opposed head on. To do that was to tilt at windmills. 他们太强大了，不能同他们正面对阵。要是正面对阵，就会跟唐吉可德一样，跃马持枪向风车冲刺。 She was born with a silver spoon in her mouth. 她生于富贵人家。 The student from provincial area feels like a fish out of water. 来自省区的学生感到不适应。 White elephant Golden cock 4、词义冲突 Love me, love my dog. Dragon Red The local press challenged the license of the TV station. 当地报纸要求吊销那个电视台的执照。 5、词汇（义）空缺 英语：hot dog. soft drink, Hippie 汉语：风水、阴阳、天干、地支 Howard: This is no time for false pride, Willy. (霍华德：现在不是打