第13章计算机学科基础.ppt

Chapter 13 Artificial Intelligence 人工智能 Chapter Goals Distinguish between the types of problems that humans do best and those that computers do best Explain the Turing test Define what is meant by knowledge representation and demonstrate how knowledge is represented in a semantic network Chapter Goals Develop a search tree for simple scenarios Explain the processing of an expert system Explain the processing of biological and artificial neural networks List the various aspects of natural language processing Explain the types of ambiguities in natural language comprehension Thinking Machines思维机 A computer can do some things better --and certainly faster--than a human can 有些事情计算机会比人类做得好 Adding a thousand four-digit numbers 一千个四位数相加 Counting the distribution of letters in a book 在一本数中计算各个字母的个数 Searching a list of 1,000,000 numbers for duplicates 在1百万个数中寻找重复的数 Matching finger prints 指纹匹配 Thinking Machines思维机 BUT a computer would have difficulty pointing out the cat in this picture, which is easy for a human 但计算机要识别图片中的猫会比较困难 Artificial intelligence (AI) The study of computer systems that attempt to model and apply the intelligence of the human mind The Turing Test图灵测试 In 1950 English mathematician Alan Turing wrote a landmark paper that asked the question: Can machines think? 1950年英国数学家Alan Turing发表了一篇具有里程碑性质的论文，其中提出了一个问题：机器会思考吗？ How will we know when we’ve succeeded? 如何才能知道何时是成功了呢？ The Turing test is used to empirically determine whether a computer has achieved intelligence 图灵测试用于判断计算机系统是否达到了智能化。 The Turing Test图灵测试 The Turing Test图灵测试 Weak equivalence Two systems (human and computer) are equivalent in results (output), but they do not arrive at those results in the same way 弱等价性：两个系统基于结果的等价性。 Strong equivalence Two systems (human and computer) use the same internal processes to produce results 强等价性：两个系统基于结果和实现这种结果的处理方法的等价性。 强人工智能 强人工智能观点认为有可能制造出真正能推理（Reasoning）和解决问题（Problem Solving）的智能机器，并且，这样的机器能将被认为是有知觉的，有自我意识的。强人工智能可以有两类： 类人的人工智能，即机器的思考和推理就像人的思维