贵州水田土壤环境质量与稻米品质的研究进展.doc

?贵州水田土壤环境质量与稻米品质的研究进展 摘 要： 稻米品质应从碾米、外观、蒸煮、食味、营养等方面来衡量,有时还要考虑安全、贮藏、加工和卫生等性质.淀粉和蛋白质的种类与数量决定了稻米的品质.一般来说,直链淀粉含量在20%以上的稻米品种食味差;直链淀粉含量在15%-20%以下的食味较好;蛋白含量超过9%的品种其食味往往较差.稻米中垩白出现部位与灌浆物质的输入途径有关.离背部维管束远的腹部胚乳细胞易充实不良形成垩白.稻米品质形成是品种遗传特性和环境条件综合作用的结果.环境条件对稻米品质的影响是通过影响稻株和颖果的生理过程而发挥作用的.过多施用氮素,特别是灌浆期间氮素过多,会使米中的蛋白质含量显著提高,垩白率降低,然而食味变差.饭的食味还与煮饭方法、煮饭后食用时间有关.通常将米用水先浸1-2小时后煮,饭在煮好后的半小时时食用,食味最佳.(1) 依据土壤环境质量各评价指标的渐变性和模糊性,采用模糊数学方法确定土壤重金属内梅罗综合污染指数隶属度函数并对土壤肥力指标、土壤立地条件各评价因子进行处理,运用主成分分析法确定各评价因子的权重,采用层次分析法从土壤肥力状况、重金属污染程度和立地条件等3组评价指标上对喀斯特山区(以贵阳市乌当区为例)石灰岩母质发育的旱耕地土壤环境质量进行了较为全面、科学的评价.结果表明,金华镇旱耕地的土壤肥力质量最高,下坝乡的最低;下坝乡旱耕地的土壤重金属污染环境质量最好,朱昌镇的最差;东风镇旱耕地的土壤立地条件质量最高,水田镇的最低;研究区域内石灰岩母质发育的旱耕地土壤环境质量综合评价排序为东风镇旱耕地＞金华镇旱耕地＞朱昌镇旱耕地＞下坝乡旱耕地＞水田镇旱耕地(2). 关键词 稻米，品质，土壤环境质量，喀斯特山区，水田，贵州 Guizhou paddy soil environmental quality and the research progress of rice quality ABSTRACT Rice Cuality usually includes the Cuality of milling，appearance，cooking，taste and nutrition，and theCuality of safety ，storage，processing and health is ainvolved The type and amount of starch and proteinhave a great effect on the rice Cuality . Generally ，the rice With 15 % -20 % amylose al Ways has a fine taste，While the rice With more than 20 % amylose or 9 % proteinis distasteful . The region of chalk is associated Withthe Way of filling substance i mportinginto the endosper m，that is，the abdominal endosper mcells far fromthedorsal vascular bundle are easily to for mchalk . on the other hand ，rice Cuality is resulted fromthe interactionbet Ween the inheritance of variety and environmental conditions，1 The rice Will have the best taste Whenit is dipped intothe Water for one or t Wo hours before cooking，andis tasted delicious about thirty minutes after being cooked Basis for soil environmental quality evaluation index of gradual change and fuzziness, the fuzzy mathematics method to determine soil heavy metals in meis membership function and comprehensive pollution index of soil fertility, soil site conditions, the evaluation index factor for processing,