语态与语气.ppt

（7）在as if(though) 和even if (though)引导的方式状语从句中，用虚拟语气。与现在事实相反，用一般过去时；与过去事实相反，用过去完成时。 （8）在expect, believe, suspect, dream等动词的否定句或疑问句后的句子用should have done形式的虚拟语气，表示惊讶、惶恐、不满等情绪。例如： I can’t believe that he should have killed that old man. （9）would rather…(than)句型后用虚拟语气。表示一个现在或将来的愿望，用一般过去时；表示一个过去的愿望，用过去完成时。如果出现than, 则用should do 虚拟。例如： I would rather you paid the money yourself. I would rather she hadn’t done that. I would rather die than (that) he should know that secret. （10）whether it/sb. be…or…和be it/sb.结构表示一种让步，均属于虚拟语气句型。例如： Every day I go swimming, whether it be fine or raining. Be they common people or high-ranking officials, they stand equal before the law. TO BE CONTINUED （六）语态与语气张 玮 被动语态 一、适用范围与特性 （1）不知道或不必指出动作的执行者 （2）强调动作的承受者 （3）避免变更主语，以求行文连贯。试比较： The old professor wheeled himself to the platform and the students warmly applauded him. （不连贯） The old professor wheeled himself to the platform and was warmly applauded by the students.（连贯） （4）有时，被动语态会给人一种冷淡、疏远的感觉。试比较： Aunt is taking care of the child. The child is being taken care of. （5）被动语态往往会提升文字表达的客观性，但有时也会影响其可信度。试比较： Mother told me that. I was told about that. 二、常规重要用法 （1）表示状态、情感、所属关系等意义的及物动词一般不能用于被动语态。例如： A teacher is become by Tom.（误） He is hated by me.（误） This book is had by her.（误） （2）不及物动词表示完成性状态时，以及不及物动词构成的及物性短语均可以用于被动语态。例如： My wallet is gone/broken. The problem has been gone into.（这个问题已经研究过。） （3）某些动词的进行时形式可以表示被动意义。例如： The meat is cooking. The bridge is building. The book is printing. （4）有些动词既是及物动词，也是不及物动词，前者可以用于被动语态。例如： Sometimes it rains small fish. 有时天上会下小鱼。 The game was rained off. 比赛因下雨而取消。 （5）有些及物动词在某层意义上不用于被动语态。试比较： An agreement was reached at last.（正） The hilltop was reached by the students.（误） （6）不定式符号to在被动语态中不可省。试比较： I saw her pass by the window. She was seen to pass by the window. 三、主动形式表示被动意义 （1）某些感官动词加形容词表示被动。例如： The flower smells sweet. The dish tastes delicious. （2）某些行为动词后加副词表示被动,即所谓的“中动语态”（Middle Voice）。例如： This book se