语言学 phonetics.ppt

Lecture 3 Speech Sounds and Their Systems natural sounds speech sounds no systematic meaning a code system. 1.3 The process of producing speech 1.4 Articulation Man’s selection of a sound language came too late that there have hardly been any human organs evolving specifically for verbal articulation except the vocal cords – thin bands of muscle in the larynx at the upper end of a person’s windpipe that can be made to move rapidly by the passing of air and thus produce sound. Other organs involved in the production of speech evolved originally for the basic biological needs of breathing and eating, though phoneticians also call them speech organs. 1.5 Diagram of the speech cavities The principal cavities 1. the pharyngeal cavity （咽腔） 2. the oral cavity （口腔） 3. the labial cavity （唇腔） 4. the nasal cavity （鼻腔） The vocal tract （声道） -- the long tubular structure formed by the cavities， functioning as a resonance box. Changing the shape of the box gives different speech sounds. 1.6 Diagram of the speech organs 1.7 Consonants Consonants: The sounds in the production of which there is an obstruction of the air stream at some point of the vocal tract . 1.7.1 The place of articulation Bilabial 双唇音 e.g. [p], [m]. Labio-dental 唇齿音 e.g. [f]. Dental 齿音 e.g. [e] Alveolar 齿龈音 e.g. [t] Palatal 腭音 e.g. [j] Palato-alveolar 腭龈音 e.g. [?] Velar 软腭音 e.g. [k] Glottal 声门音，喉音 e.g. [h] Retroflex 卷舌音 Uvular 小舌音 Pharyngeal 咽音 1.7.2 The manner of articulation Plosive 爆破音e.g. [p], [d]. It belongs to a broader category called “stop” [塞音：包括吸塞音(suction stop)和挤压塞音 (pressure stop)] Nasal 鼻音 e.g. [m] Affricate, 塞擦音 e.g. [t?] Liquid 流音e.g. [l], [r] Fricative 擦音 e.g. [f], [z]. （Some fricatives are also called sibilants（丝音） e.g. [s], [?]） Glide 滑音 e.g. [h], [w] 1.7.3 English consonants 1.8 Vowels Vowels: The sounds in the production of which no articulators come very close together and the air-stream passes through the vocal tract without obstruction. 1.8.1 A D