疾病概论呼吸系统疾病_培训课件.ppt

辅助检查 3.X线检查 胸部正位X线征象：早期可见肺纹理增粗,以后可见两肺有非特异性小斑片状阴影,并可融合成大斑片状浸润阴影,以两肺下野、心膈角及中、内带居多。 支 气 管 肺 炎 右肺上叶大叶性肺炎 诊 断 根据患儿有热、咳、气促、肺部中细湿啰音即可确定诊断,血常规，X线检查仅作辅助手段。 治 疗 一般治疗 病原治疗 对症治疗 一 般 治 疗 空气清新、休息、高蛋白和维生素,保持呼吸道通畅－吸痰,翻身拍背利于排痰,严格控制液体输用速度以防止诱发心衰的发生,同时密切观察病情变化,及时发现心衰等并发症。 病原治疗 抗细菌和抗病毒治疗 细菌性肺炎：抗生素治疗。 G+菌—青霉素 G-菌—林可霉素 病毒性肺炎：利巴韦林 对症治疗 退热： 吸氧： 祛痰剂，支气管扩张剂： 强心剂应用：（心衰的） 纠正水电解质，酸碱紊乱： 预防 加强营养 增强机体免疫力 幼儿避免去公共场所 * * * The animation begins with the alveolus fully inflated. Over the course of a normal exhalation, the alveolus fully deflates. With inhalation, the alveolus re-inflates. * In COPD, irreversible damage causes the alveolar walls and supports to lose elasticity compared with the normal condition. The airways are partly collapsed and occluded, an effect made worse by reversible cholinergic constriction.1 As a result, deflation is slower, and so the alveolus only partly deflates over the course of an exhalation. Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease. Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. NHLBI/WHO workshop report. 2001. /workshop/toc.html. Accessed: 14 November 2003. * In the normal state, inhalation is balanced by exhalation. There is no dynamic hyperinflation. * COPD patients suffer from reduced expiratory flow. As a result, the lungs may not fully empty before the next breath begins. This is particularly likely if the patient has to breathe faster as a result of physical activity.1 Because the lungs do not fully empty, they become progressively over inflated with each breath. This process is known as air trapping, which leads to hyperinflation.1 Air trapping reduces the ability of the patient to breathe in, which causes the sensation of breathlessness that typifies the disease. ODonnell DE, Webb K. The etiology of dyspnea during exercise in COPD. Pulmonary and Critical Care Update 14, Lesson 15./downloads/education/online/Vol14_13_18.pdf. Accessed 24 February 2004. COPD是