第2章 成本管理的基础理论--IE--2011.ppt

* * * * * 不合格包括不合格工作和不合格产品。 质量成本是客观存在的，并且与不合格有着密切联系；只要有不合格，并在为避免或减少不合格而做出努力就会发生质量成本；因此利用质量成本可以揭示不合格，揭示的工具如财务帐户、原始凭证、记录和建立核算制度、报告形式等；揭示的方法如差异分析、趋势分析等。 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * “试验检验费用”：计算单位产品的试验检验费用，这样既便于试验检验费用的分配、归集，又便于返修后试验检验和退换货试验检验的费用核算。前者计入鉴定成本，后两者分别计入内部损失成本和外部损失成本 * * * * * * * * 8.* The IRR rule is very important. Management, and individuals in general, often have a much better feel for percent returns and the value that is created, than they do for dollar increases. A dollar increase doesn’t seem to provide as much information if we don’t know what the initial expenditure was. 8.* 8.* Many of the financial calculators will compute the IRR as soon as it is pressed; others require that you press compute. 8.* 8.* The answer to all of these questions is yes, although it is not always as obvious. The IRR rule accounts for time value because it is finding the rate of return that equates all of the cash flows on a time value basis. The IRR rule accounts for the risk of the cash flows because you compare it to the required return, which is determined by the risk of the project. The IRR rule provides an indication of value because we will always increase value if we can earn a return greater than our required return. We should consider the IRR rule as our primary decision criteria, but as we will see, it has some problems that the NPV does not have. That is why we end up choosing the NPV as our ultimate decision rule. 8.* You should point out, however, that if you get a very large IRR that you should go back and look at your cash flow estimation again. In competitive markets, extremely high IRRs should be rare. 8.* So what should we do – we have two rules that indicate to accept and two that indicate to reject. 9.* 9.* 9.* With each of these types of cash flows, you should ask the class the question on the previous slide so that they can start to determine if the cash flows are relevant. Sunk costs – our government provides ample examples of inappropriately incl