2.phoetics and phonology(配戴炜栋版语言学).doc

課 程 提 綱 課程名稱： 語言學概論 任課教師： 孟智君 課程性質： 院考試課 學 分： 4 教 材： 《新編簡明英語語言學教程》 Chapter 2. Phonetics Phonology ■Language is primarily vocal. The primary medium of human language is sound. Linguists are not interested in all sounds, but in speech sounds — sounds that convey meaning in human communication. 1. Phonetics ■A branch of linguistics which studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription, e.g. [p] → bilabial, stop. ■THREE branches of phonetics ⑴Articulatory phonetics — from the speakers’ point of view, “how speakers produce speech sounds” ⑵Auditory phonetics — from the hearers’ point of view, “how sounds are perceived” ⑶Acoustic phonetics — from the physical way or means by which sounds are transmitted from one to another The process of speech production and perception is as the following: Speech production (Speaker A) Speech perception (Speaker B) ⑴　　　　　　　　　　⑶　　　　　　　⑵ 2. Articulatory phonetics ■Speech organs: THREE important areas ⑴Pharyngeal cavity (咽腔) — the throat ⑵Oral cavity (口腔) — the mouth ⑶Nasal cavity (鼻腔) — the nose ■The diagram of speech organs 1.Lips (唇) 2.Teeth (齒) 3.Teeth ridge (Alveolar 齒齦) 4.Hard palate (硬顎) 5.Soft palate (Velum 軟顎) 6.Uvula (小舌) 7.Tip of tongue (舌尖) 8.Blade of tongue (舌葉) 9.Back of tongue (舌後) 10.Vocal cords (聲帶) 11.Pharyngeal cavity (咽腔) 12.Nasal cavity (鼻腔) ■Orthographic representation of speech sounds A standardized and internationally accepted system of phonetic transcription is the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). The basic principle of the IPA is using one letter to represent one speech sound. ⑴Broad transcription (寬式標音) — used in dictionary and textbook for general purpose, without diacritics (讀音符號), e.g. clear [ l ], [ pit ] ⑵Narrow transcription (嚴式標音) — used by phonetician for careful study, wit