《土木毕业设计外文翻译》.doc

本科毕业论文 外文文献及译文 文献、资料题目：Concrete 院 （部）： 土木工程学院 专 业： 土木工程 班 级： 土木105 姓 名： 王洪良 学 号： 24 指导教师： 张鑫 刘清阳 翻译日期：2014/6/14Concrete Wikipedia This article is about the construction material. For other uses, see Concrete (disambiguation). Concrete is a construction material that consists of cement (commonly Portland cement), aggregate (generally gravel and sand), water and admixtures. Concrete solidifies and hardens after mixing and placement due to a chemical process known as hydration. The water reacts with the cement, which bonds the other components together, eventually creating a stone-like material. It is used to make pavements, architectural structures, foundations, motorways/roads, overpasses, parking structures, brick/block walls and footings for gates, fences and poles. Concrete is used more than any other manmade material on the planet.[1] As of 2005 about six billion cubic meters of concrete are made each year, which equals one cubic meter for every person on Earth. Concrete powers a US $35 billion industry which employs over two million workers in the United States alone. Over 55,000 miles of freeways and highways in America are made of this material. The Peoples Republic of China currently consumes 40% of world cement [concrete] production. Contents 1 History2 Composition 2.1 Cement 2.2 Water 2.3 Aggregates 2.4 Chemical admixtures 2.5 Mineral admixtures and blended cements 2.6 Fibers3 Mixing concrete4 Characteristics 4.1 Workability 4.2 Curing 4.3 Strength 4.4 Elasticity 4.5 Expansion and shrinkage 4.6 Cracking 4.6.1 Shrinkage cracking 4.6.2 Tension cracking 4.7 Creep5 Damage modes 5.1 Fire 5.2 Aggregate expansion 5.3 Sea water effects 5.4 Bacterial corrosion 5.5 Chemical attacks 5.5.1 Carbonation 5.5.2 Chlorides 5.5.3 Sulphates 5.6 Leaching 5.7 Physical damage6 Types of concrete 6.1 Regular concrete 6.2 High-strength concrete 6.3 High-performance concrete 6.4 Self-compacting concretes 6.5 Shotcrete 6.6 Pervious con