普通心理学11：生命全程发展.ppt

孔子的人生发展观 “吾十有五而志于学，三十而立，四十而不惑，五十而知天命，六十而耳顺，七十而从心所欲，不逾矩。” 发展的连续性和阶段性; 发展心理学研究什么 记录生理与行为的发展 解释发展的原因 研究方法: 追踪研究 横断研究 全生命发展 出生前; 幼儿期; 青春期; 成年期; 3 phases Germinal stage (胚盘期) = first 2 weeks Conception(怀孕), implantation, formation of placenta(胎盘) Embryonic stage (胚胎期) = 2 weeks – 2 months formation of vital organs and systems Fetal(胎儿期) stage = 2 months – birth bodily growth continues, movement capability begins, brain cells multiply age of viability（存活年龄）：22 weeks—26 weeks. 大脑的发展 Maternal nutrition Malnutrition(营养) linked to infant apathy(淡漠), irritability(易怒), and reduced immune responses(免疫下降) Maternal drug use Tobacco, alcohol, prescription(处方药), and recreational drugs Fetal alcohol syndrome(胎儿酒精综合症） Maternal illness Rubella(风疹), syphilis(梅毒), mumps(腮腺炎), genital herpes(胞疹), AIDS, severe influenza(感冒) Prenatal health care Prevention through guidance 婴儿生存的先天机制 视觉悬崖 生命头20年的生长模式 Basic Principles Cephalocaudal trend – head to foot(从上到下) Proximodistal trend – center-outward(从内往外) Maturation(成熟) – gradual unfolding(展现) of genetic blueprint(基因谱) Developmental norms(发展常模) – median age Cultural variations Kenya(肯尼亚） United States Paraguay（巴拉圭） Motor skills 运动技能的发展 Temperament refers to characteristic mood, activity level, and emotional reactivity; A. Thomas, S. Chess, and H. G. Birch (1970,1977, 1989). Longitudinal design.141+95. 3 basic temperamental styles easy – 40% slow-to-warm-up – 15% difficult – 10% mixed – 35% stable over time 测量气质的9个指标 (Thomas , Chess and Birch, 1970) Activities(活动性) Rhythm(节律性) Adaptation(适应性) Reaction threshold(反应阈限) Reaction intensity(反应强度) Mood Distraction(分心性) Scope and insistency in attention(注意广度和强度) Methods: rated by parents; Implication: understanding child and give them more sensitive and comprehensive care. Cross-sectional(横向) designs; Jerome Kagan Snidman (1991) Inhibited vs. uninhibited temperament Inhibited – 15 – 20% Uninhibited – 25 – 30% Stable over time, genetically based In china( Huichang, Chen, etal.1998) Inhibited 20