供应链管理(第13讲-1)精品.ppt

Inventory management is a key component of supply-chain management, in part because inventory decision are often a start point, or driver, for other business activities such as warehousing, transportation, and materials handling. Different functional areas have different inventory objectives. Marketing tends to want to ensure that sufficient inventory is available for customer demand in order to avoid potential stockout situations ― higher inventory levels. Finance group generally seeks to minimize the costs associated with holding inventory ―lower inventory levels. One of the most prominent concerns about inventory is its cost, which is presented in greater detail later in this chapter. Finished goods inventories are much more expensive to hold than raw materials or work in process. The focus on inventory costs has intensified in recent years because of concern with inventory turnover. It’s easy to say that organizations should strive for a proper balance of inventory; actually achieving it can be quite difficult because of trade-offs that are involved. Managing the tradeoff is important to maintain service levels. Inventory is most frequently classified as ―― Psychic stock ; Cycle or base stock; Safety or buffer stock; Pipeline or in-transit stock; Speculative stock. While inventory generally exists to service demand, in some situations inventory is carried to stimulate demand, also known as psychic stock. ― ― Retail stores stock huge amounts of certain merchandise. Cycle, or base, stock refers to inventory that is needed to satisfy normal demand during the course of an order cycle. ― ― We use one egg per day and we buy eggs every 12 days. Safety, or buffer, stock refers to inventory that is held in addition to cycle stock to guard against uncertain in demand and/or lead time. ― ― making a three-egg omelet; buying eggs every 14 days. Pipeline, or in-transit, stock is inventory that is en route between various nodes i.e., fixed facilities such as a plant, wareh