3.英汉语言对比讲义.ppt

Contrastive Studies of Chinese English Language As you know, our native language Chinese is quite different from English. There is really a big gap between the characteristics of the two languages. In order to learn the translation course better, we have to study the comparison between the source language and the target language. Since all the theories, methods, techniques concerning English-Chinese translation are based on the comparison, it is very important, so to say, to master the languages’ peculiarities. Language Families ( 语系) English belongs to the Germanic branch of the Indo-European language family (印欧语系). Chinese belongs to the Sino-Tibetan language family (汉藏语系). It is well know that English has the richest vocabulary of any European language. On the basis of Angles’ language (Anglo-Saxon), English, a hybrid, was built by absorbing words in various languages. Latin: pen, pencil, cup, butter, silk French: pork, feast, sir, noble Italian: piano, solo, studio, opera, umbrella Spanish: cargo, cigarette, cigar Greek: paper, alphabet, dialogue, comedy Chinese: tea, chow mein, kowtow, toufu Lexical Comparison of Chinese and English (词汇对比) The major ways of word-building in English are composition(合成), conversion(词性转化), and derivation (affixation衍生). And in Chinese we have the same major ways. English: Composition: motherland, blackboard, handwriting, silkworm, easy-going, home-made, do-it-yourself Conversion: paper the window, empty the basket, elbow one’s way, ups and downs Derivation: able unable, take mistake hope hopeless hopelessness Chinese: Composition: 并列式：语言，改革，树立，遥远，左右，出入，好歹 偏正式：学分，本科，红糖，笑声，新衣 主谓式（主从式）：耳闻，目睹，脸红，胆小，月明 动宾式：思甜，攻关，灭火，开车，踢球 补充式：提前，救活，改善，说明，调好 重叠式：平平安安，高高兴兴，懒洋洋，亮晶晶，方方面面 Conversion: 一棵大树， 十年树人 出售油漆， 油漆门窗 鸡鸭鱼肉， 鱼肉百姓 安全第一， 不太安全 今天真热， 把饭热一下 Derivation: 前缀 （Prefix）： 超—超人，超额，超支，超音速 非—非人，非常，非原则，非正式 无—无视，无限，无线电，无名氏，无疑 汉语中的“非”、“无”相当于英语中的前缀un-, in-, il- 和后缀-less 反—反动，反攻，反驳，反问，反腐败 可—可亲，可爱，可口，可调