北大发展心理学课件第六讲 第三节 幼儿认知发展.pptVIP

第三节 幼儿认知发展 一、幼儿思维的一般特点 1、思维的具体形象性是主要特点 2、抽象思维开始萌芽 3、言语在幼儿思维中的作用日益增强 二、幼儿思维形式的发展 （一）概念发展 1、概括的内容比较贫乏 2、概括的特征多是外部的、非本质的 3、概括的内涵往往不精确 幼儿概念发展死亡概念生命概念 儿童死亡概念的发展 关于死亡的标准（WHO） 1、昏迷（对整个环境应答反应丧失） 2、各种反射消失 3、自主呼吸停止 4、如果不以人工维持，血压急剧下降 5、甚至给予刺激时，脑电图呈直线 Mark W. Speece Sandor Brent Backgrounduniversality: all living things dieirreversibility: once a living thing dies,its physical body can’t bemade alive againnonfunctionality: all life-defining functionscease at deathTwo questions1. At what age do children achieve amature concept of death2. What is the pattern of acquisition among the three componentssequential acquisitionconcurrent acquisition The Measurement Model1. Logical considerationsCONCEPT A－+－NEITHER A-ONLY CONCEPTB+B-ONLYBOTH2.Methodological considerationstask equivalencecounterbalancingstatistical analysis Method and Procedure1. Participants5 y 9m------10y 2m91 51 girls 40 boys2. Procedureinterview individually, record pre-test: life and death questionsalive dead formal test:three components5 questions/component Universality 1.Will everybody die someday? 2.Will I ( the experimenter) die someday? 3.Will (best friend’s name ) die someday? 4.Will your mother die someday? 5.Will you die someday? Irreversibility 1、Can a dead person become alive again? 2. If I gave a dead person a drink of water,could he become alive again? 3. If I gave a dead person some food to eat,could he become alive again? 4. If I gave some medicine to a dead person,could he become alive again? 5.If I said some magic words to a dead person,could he become alive again? Nonfunctionality 1. Can a dead person still do the things he did when he was alive? 2. Can a dead person still move? 3. Can a dead person still speak? 4. Can a dead person still hear? 5. Can a dead person be sad儿童生命概念发展 研究背景1929年 Piaget “泛灵论”Piaget研究分两部分: 物体意识性和物体的生命 The child’s conception of world 30—50 年代研究较多 Gelman Spelke 1981年总结生物与非生物区别: 1.有生物运动 2.新陈代谢 3.有感知觉 4.具有特殊的内部结构 研究方法1. 被试 : 3