Phonology-2.2.ppt

3.1 Coarticulation From Phonetics to Phonology: Phonetics: /p/, /b/, /t/, /d/, /n/, /i/, /i:/, /a:/ … how sound pronounced Phonology: /pi:k/, /bi:f/, /ta:n/… patterning rules This shop; this year; kiss show; has she? Come on in.; Not at all; Put it on. anticipatory coarticulation先期协同发音 lamb perseverative coarticulation后滞协同同音 map The fact that the vowel [?] in lamb has some quality of the following nasal is a phenomenon we call nasalization. To indicate that a vowel has been nasalized, we add a diacritic to the top of the symbol [?], as [??]. [p] is aspirated in peak and unaspirated in speak. This aspirated voiceless bilabial stop is thus indicated by the diacritic h, as [ph], whereas the unaspirated counterpart is transcribed as [p]. 3.2 Phonemes Minimal pair test Phonemes Vs. phones Phonemic Vs. phonetic transcription Complementary distribution Vs. free variation phones（语音）[p, ph] phoneme（音素） /p/ Such variants of a phoneme are called allophones（音位变体） of the same phoneme. The word ‘phoneme’ simply refers to a ‘unit of explicit sound contrast’: the existence of a minimal pair automatically grants phonemic status to the sounds responsible for the contrasts. By selecting one type of sound instead of another we can distinguish one word from another. phonemic transcriptions（音位标音） / / phonetic transcriptions （语音标音） [ ] Phonetic similarity: the allophones of a phoneme must bear some phonetic resemblance. In phonetic terms, phonemic transcriptions represent the ‘broad’ transcriptions. When we use a simple set of symbols in our transcription, it is called a broad transcription（宽式标音）. The use of more specific symbols to show more phonetic detail is referred to as a narrow transcription（窄式标音）. Both are phonetic transcriptions（语音标音） so we put both forms in square brackets [ ]. Languages differ in the selection of contrastive sounds. In English, the distinction between aspirated [ph] and unaspirated [p] is not phonemic. In Chinese, h