普心第一单元整理.doc

Module 1 psychologists at work Psychology Definition: the scientific study of behavior and mental processes and how they are affected by an organism’s physical state, mental state, and external environment. Deceiving, concealing ongoing debates about what the scope of the field should be It encompasses not just what people do but also their thoughts, feelings, perceptions, Reasoning processes, memories, and even the biological activities that maintain bodily functioning. Function（心理学作用）:Psychologist try to describe, predict and explain human behavior and mental processes, as well as help change and improve the life of people ad the world in which they live. Goal of psychology 1.Describe Behaviors: Naming and classifying various observable, measurable behaviors 2.Understand: The causes of behavior(s) 3.Prediction: Forecasting behavior accurately 4.Control: Altering conditions that influence behaviors 5.Positive Use: To control unwanted behaviors, (e.g., smoking, tantrums, etc.) 6.Negative Use: To control peoples’ behaviors without their knowledge The subfields of Psychology Basic Research 基础研究personality psychology 个性研究 Attempts to identify the factors that cause one person to think, feel, and behave differently from another person within a given situation 研究个体的差异 Positive Psychology Study of the conditions processes that contribute to the flourishing or optimal functioning of people, groups, institutions 形成最好的人 learn helplessness习得性无助 Attempts to help people learn to live lives filled with greater health well-being as well as the absence of illness disease Recognizes an imbalance in clinical psychology, where research focuses on mental illness Environmental Psychology Study of how changes in physical space related physical stimuli can affect behavior of individuals; relationships between humans the physical environment 环境改变和物理刺激是怎么影响个人的 Environmental perception, effects of the environment on behavior experiences, ef