《16微观.ppt

Chapter Sixteen Equilibrium 均衡 Structure 市场均衡 从量税与均衡 Tax incidence （税收分担） Deadweight loss （额外净损失） Market Equilibrium 当买者的总需求量与卖者的总供给量一致时，市场是均衡的. 也称为市场出清 “market is cleared” 供给并一定等于产出量。 Market Equilibrium Market Equilibrium Market Equilibrium Market Equilibrium Market Equilibrium Market Equilibrium Market Equilibrium An example of calculating a market equilibrium when the market demand and supply curves are linear. Market Equilibrium Market Equilibrium Market Equilibrium 市场均衡 Market Equilibrium 可以通过反需求曲线和反供给曲线计算市场均衡吗? 是的，可以用类似的方法计算. Market Equilibrium Market Equilibrium Market Equilibrium Market Equilibrium Market Equilibrium 两种特例: 供给数量是固定的, 独立于市场价格 供给数量对于市场价格是完全弹性. Market Equilibrium Market Equilibrium Market Equilibrium Market Equilibrium Market Equilibrium Market Equilibrium Market Equilibrium 比较静态分析 需求曲线移动 Income Price of other products 供给曲线移动 Technology 税收 Quantity Taxes从量税 从量税是对所购买中出售商品每单位数量征收$t. 如果从量税是向卖方征收的，称为 消费税（excise tax）. 如果从量税是向买方征收的，称为销售税（sales tax）. Quantity Taxes 从量税会对市场均衡产生哪些影响? 如何影响价格? 如何影响均衡数量? 哪一方支付了税收? 交易中的剩余会如何变化? Quantity Taxes 每单位产品征收 t ，使得买方支付的价格, pb, 高于卖方获得的价格 ps. Quantity Taxes 市场仍然是出清的. I.e. 买方在价格pb 时的需求量，必须等于卖方在价格ps下的供给量 . Quantity Taxes Quantity Taxes Market Equilibrium Quantity Taxes Market Equilibrium Quantity Taxes Market Equilibrium Quantity Taxes Market Equilibrium Quantity Taxes Market Equilibrium Quantity Taxes Market Equilibrium Quantity Taxes Market Equilibrium Quantity Taxes Market Equilibrium Quantity Taxes Market Equilibrium Quantity Taxes Market Equilibrium 买方与卖方谁支付了每单位产品的税额 $t? 税收$t如何在买者和卖者之间分割是所谓的税收负担问题。 Quantity Taxes Market Equilibrium Quantity Taxes Market Equilibrium Quantity Taxes Market Equilibrium Quantity Taxes Market Equilibrium Quantity Taxes Market Equilibrium E.g. 假设市场供给与市场需求曲线均为线性的. Quantity Taxes Market Equilibrium Quantity Taxes Market Equilibrium Quantity Taxes Market Equilibrium Quantity Taxes Market Equilibrium Quantity Taxes Market Equilibrium Quantity Taxes Market Equilibrium Quan