《1Sentencestructuremodified.ppt

Lecture One Owing to the fact that sentences differ structurally in thousands of ways, what is described here as sentence structure,sen-tence elements, or sentence patterns is only concerned with the simple sentence, or rather with the clause. 1.1 Clause elements A full-fledged clause can generally be divided into two parts: the subject and the predicate. The subject is the topic or theme of the sentence, which tells of what the sentence is about. It is a NP and it is usually short. It is the old information. 句子分析的三个不同的层面： 语法层面：主语—谓语 语义层面：施事—受事 语用层面：主题—述题 已知—未知 (旧信息—新信息) 汉语式主题的句法语义界面研究 (孟凡茂) The boy didn’t kill two birds with one stone. The boy didn’t kill two birds with one stone. 操作词指复杂动词词组中的助动词。如果复杂动词词组是由“两个或两个以上的助动词 + 主动词”构成, 第一个助动词是操作词。(操作词能起多种语法作用, 它能协助主动词构成否定结构和疑问结构;它在动词词组中体现“时”的特征和情态意义;它还需要和主语在人称和数上保持一致。) e.g.: I will certainly marry her. She must have been crazy. 1.2 Basic clause types and their transformation  and expansion In terms of the different combinations of clause elements, English clauses can be classified into five (or seven) basic types. Innumerable sentences are structured on the basis of these clause types. (1) S + V + C The main verb in an SVC pattern is a linking or copula verb which must be followed by a subject complement (predicative). Words that may serve as the subject complement are: adjectives, nouns, prepositional phrases and adverbial phrases. e.g.: That car is very expensive. She is growing fat. Xiao Wang is an apple-polisher. Beauty is in the eye of the beholder. My wife is in / out. (2) S + V (+ A) (3) S + V + O (+A) (4) S + V + O + C e.g.: Let’s call him Lao Wang. They appointed him (to be) manager. We consider him very capable. (5) S + V + o + O The main verb in an SVoO pattern is a ditransitive verb (双宾语及物动词) wh