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Grammar 4th
主语从句
名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组。按其句法功能，名词性从句可分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。连接这些从句与主句的关系词主要有三类： 1.从属连词：that (无有词义), whether (是否), if (是否) 2.关系代词：who (谁，主格), whom (谁，宾格), whose (谁的，所有格), what (什么),
which (哪个，哪些) 3.关系副词：when (什么时候), where (什么地方), why (为什么), how (怎样)
I、that引导的主语从句
1．that可用来引导主语从句，但在主语从句中不作任何成分，只起连接作用。that引导的主语从句既可放在句首，也可放在句后。但是为了保持句子的平衡，常用it作形式主语，把真正的主语从句放在句后。例如：
That the attempt to save her had failed soon became widely known．
That he made a mistake is strange．
That he survived the accident is a miracle． (=It is a miracle that he survived the accident．)
It is possible that he hasn’t received the letter．
It is evident that he has finished the task．
2．虽然that主语从句既可放在句首，也可放在句后，但是在下列情况下that主语从句不可提前。例如：
1)在It is said that…，It is reported that…．It is estimated that…等结构中的主语从句中不可提前。It is reported that a bank was robbed yesterday．据报道有家银行昨天被抢了，
误：That a bank was robbed yesterday is reported．
正：A bank is reported to have been robbed yesterday．
2)在It occurred / happened．．．结构中的主语从句不可提前。
It happened that he was not in the office that day．
It occurred to me that I had a good idea．
误：That I have a good idea occurred to me．
3)含主语从句的复合句是疑问句时，主语从句不可提前。例如：
Is it true that you will give up the job?
3．用it作形式主语的that从句有的已形成固定用法和译法。常见的有4种句型。
It is natural that people should cry．
It’s a great pity that you can’t help us．
常见的4种句型搭配关系如下：
1) It + be + 名词 + that --从句。如： ．
It is a fact that．．．事实是……
It is common knowledge that．．．……是常识
It is a question that．．．……是个问题
It is a pity that………可惜的是……
It is an honor that．．．……非常荣幸
It is a shame that………真是可耻
It is a wonder that．．。真是个奇迹……
2) It + be+形容词+that --从句。如：
It is certain that．．．很肯定……
It is clear／evident that．．．很清楚……
It is(un-)likely／probable that．．．很有(不太)可能……
It is better that…最好……
It is natural that．．．很自然……
3) It + be + 过去分词+that --从句。如：
It is said that．．．据说……
It has been proved that．．．已证明……
It must be pointed out that．．．必须指出……
It is demanded that．．．按要求……
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