《曼昆02.ppt

Thinking Like an Economist Every field of study has its own terminology Mathematics 每一研究领域都有自己的术语体系Integrals(积分) ? axioms(公理) ? vector spaces 矢量空间 Psychology Ego(自我) ? id(本我) ? cognitive dissonance(认知的不一致性) Law promissory ? estoppel 禁止翻供? torts民事侵权 ? venues(案发地点) Economics supply ? opportunity cost ? elasticity ? consumer surplus ? demand ? comparative advantage ? deadweight loss(无谓损失) Thinking Like an Economist像经济学家那样思考 Economics trains you to. . . . Think in terms of alternatives. 以可变换的术语思考 Evaluate the cost of individual and social choices. 评估个人与社会选择的成本 Examine and understand how certain events and issues are related. 考察和理解特定事件与问题是相互联系的 THE ECONOMIST AS A SCIENTIST The economic way of thinking . . . 经济学家思考的方式 Involves thinking analytically and objectively. 涉及分析性与客观性思考 Makes use of the scientific method. 采用科学的方法 Uses abstract models to help explain how a complex, real world operates.使用抽象的模型以帮助阐释一个复杂的\真实的世界是如何运行的. Develops theories, collects and analyzes data to evaluate the theories.开发出各种理论, 收集并分析评估理论的数据. The Scientific Method: Observation, Theory, and More Observation科学方法: 观察、理论以及更多的观察 Uses abstract models to help explain how a complex, real world operates. 使用抽象的模型以帮助阐释一个复杂的\真实的世界是如何运行的. Develops theories, collects and analyzes data to evaluate the theories. 开发出各种理论, 收集并分析评估理论的数据. Economists make assumptions in order to make the world easier to understand. 经济学家采用假设是为了使世界比较容易被理解 The art in scientific thinking is deciding which assumptions to make. 科学思维的艺术是决定采用何种假设 Economists use different assumptions to answer different questions. 经济学家使用不同的假设来回答不同的问题 Economic Models Economists use models to simplify reality in order to improve our understanding of the world. 经济学家使用模型来简化现实是为了改善我们对世界的理解。 Two of the most basic economic models are: 两个最基本的经济模型是： The Circular Flow Diagram循环流动图 The Production Possibilities Frontier生产可能性边界 Our First Model: The Circular-Flow Diagram The circular-flow diagram is a visual model of the economy that shows how dollars flow through marke