《曼昆经济学Chap15.ppt

Monopoly垄断 Chapter 15 Monopoly 垄断 While a competitive firm is a price taker, a monopoly firm is a price maker. 竞争企业是价格接受者，而垄断企业是价格制定者。 Monopoly 垄断 A firm is considered a monopoly if . . . it is the sole seller of its product. its product does not have close substitutes. 如果一个企业是其产品唯一的卖者，而且如果其产品并没有相近的替代品，这个企业就是垄断者。 Why Monopolies Arise为什么会产生垄断 The fundamental cause of monopoly is barriers to entry. 垄断的基本原因是进入障碍。 Why Monopolies Arise Barriers to entry have three sources: Ownership of a key resource. The government gives a single firm the exclusive right to produce some good. Costs of production make a single producer more efficient than a large number of producers. 为什么会产生垄断 进入障碍有三个主要来源: 关键资源由一家企业拥有。 政府给予一个企业排他性地生产某种产品或劳务的权利。 生产成本使一个生产者比大量生产者更有效率。 Monopoly Resources Although exclusive ownership of a key resource is a potential source of monopoly, in practice monopolies rarely arise for this reason. 垄断资源 虽然关键资源的排他性所有权是垄断的潜在原因，但实际上垄断很少产生于这种原因。 Government-Created Monopolies Governments may restrict entry by giving a single firm the exclusive right to sell a particular good in certain markets. 政府制造的垄断 政府给予一个企业排他性地出售某种物品或劳务的权利，限制其他企业进入市场，从而造成垄断。 Government-Created Monopolies政府制造的垄断 Patent and copyright laws are two important examples of how government creates a monopoly to serve the public interest. 专利和 版权 是政府如何为公共利益制造垄断的两个重要例子。 Natural Monopolies自然垄断 An industry is a natural monopoly when a single firm can supply a good or service to an entire market at a smaller cost than could two or more firms. 当一个企业能以低于两个或更多企业的成本为整个市场供给一种物品或劳务时，这个产业就是自然垄断。 Natural Monopolies自然垄断 A natural monopoly arises when there are economies of scale over the relevant range of output. 当相关产量范围内存在规模经济时，自然垄断就产生了。 Figure 1 Economies of Scale as a Cause of Monopoly作为垄断原因的规模经济 HOW MONOPOLIES MAKE PRODUCTION AND PRICING DECISIONS Monopoly versus Competition Monopoly Is the sole producer Faces a downward-sloping demand curve Is a price maker Reduces price to increase sales Competitive Fir